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for educational and safety purposes
cataloguing the unremembered
this is the part of the wiki worth coming back to: the compounds that got researched, written up once or twice, then quietly dropped. cancelled trials, internal codenames nobody remembers, soviet and japanese nootropics, receptor ligands with barely a paper to their name. approved drugs everyone already knows don't belong here; forgotten ones do. think of it as a museum of lost drugs, each one filed with what it was, how it worked, and why it went quiet.
Ready575 files258 coded
nootropics and actoprotectors out of the eastern bloc; half of them never left the russian-language literature.
N-Acetyl Semax is an acetylated analog of Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro that is based on...
SOVIETHemantane is a Russian aminoadamantane (a cage-shaped adamantane molecule carrying an amine group, the same chemical family as amantadine...
SOVIETN-Acetyl Selank is an acetylated analog of Selank, a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro that is derived...
SOVIETCycloprolylglycine is a small cyclic dipeptide found naturally in brain tissue, and the compound usually named as Noopept's active metabo...
SOVIETAdafenoxate is a little-known nootropic that is essentially the adamantane version of meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine).
SOVIETAdapromine is a Soviet-era aminoadamantane, a close relative of amantadine and rimantadine that carries a longer (propyl) side chain.
SOVIETEthomersol is a benzimidazole actoprotector and antihypoxant (5-ethoxy-2-ethylthio-1H-benzimidazole) developed within the Soviet military...
MILITARYTolibut is a Russian GABA analogue;
SOVIETGidazepam was developed in Soviet Ukraine in the 1970s-80s as a daytime anxiolytic, the goal being to strip out the sedation and muscle r...
SOVIETMesocarb, marketed in the Soviet Union as Sydnocarb, was synthesized in the early 1970s as a stimulant with a smoother pharmacological pr...
SOVIETDeramciclane came out of EGIS Pharmaceuticals in Hungary as a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic working through 5-HT2A/2C receptors instead o...
SOVIETPhenazepam was developed jointly by Odessa University and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, first synthesized in 1975 and adopted int...
SOVIETTalampanel began life at Eli Lilly as LY300164 before the company licensed the compound to Hungary's IVAX Drug Research Institute in Febr...
SOVIETLatrepirdine, better known by its Soviet-era trade name Dimebon, is a multi-target small molecule originally marketed in Russia as a non-...
SOVIETreached a clinic, then got dropped for efficacy, safety, or plain business reasons; the graveyard of good ideas.
Renanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione) is a synthetic pregnane steroid that was investigated as an intravenous general an...
CODE-NAMEDMinaxolone is a synthetic water-soluble aminosteroid (a steroid carrying a basic amino group) developed by Glaxo in the late 1970s as an...
CODE-NAMEDEmapunil (developmental codes XBD-173 and AC-5216) is an investigational anxiolytic that acts as a selective, high-affinity agonist of th...
CODE-NAMEDAndrostadienone (androsta-4,16-dien-3-one) is an endogenous volatile C19 16-androstene steroid found in male axillary sweat, semen, saliv...
Alfaxalone (also spelled alphaxalone) is a synthetic neuroactive steroid of the pregnane class that produces general anesthesia by acting...
CODE-NAMEDDalzanemdor (SAGE-718) is a first-in-class, orally administered synthetic neuroactive steroid developed by Sage Therapeutics that acts as...
CODE-NAMEDSepranolone (isoallopregnanolone;
CODE-NAMEDFasedienol (developmental code PH94B;
Org 21465 (also written ORG-21465) is a water-soluble aminosteroid intravenous anaesthetic developed by Organon in the 1990s as a compani...
REDISCOVEREDHydroxydione is a synthetic pregnane neuroactive steroid that, introduced by Pfizer in 1955 under the trade name Viadril (also Presuren),...
CODE-NAMEDOrg 20599 is a synthetic water-soluble aminosteroid general anaesthetic developed by Organon in the 1990s as a member of the 2-beta-morph...
CODE-NAMEDHomotaurine, chemically 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3APS), is a small aminosulfonic acid that occurs naturally in certain marine red...
CODE-NAMEDSAGE-324 (also designated BIIB124) is an investigational, orally bioavailable synthetic neuroactive steroid that acts as a positive allos...
CODE-NAMEDBifemelane (brand names Alnert and Celeport;
JAPANAticaprant is a selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist that has traveled under several names over the years: JNJ-67953964, CERC...
CODE-NAMEDPemoline is an oxazoline-class CNS stimulant that was used for decades for ADHD and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy, sold most famously a...
Pindolol is an old non-selective beta-blocker (a blood-pressure and angina drug) that happens to also bind serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, wh...
CODE-NAMEDAlphadolone (alfadolone;
Fenfluramine is a substituted amphetamine that promotes synaptic serotonin release and, distinctively among antiseizure medicines, also a...
Cutamesine (SA4503) is a selective agonist of the sigma-1 receptor, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein that modulates calcium sig...
CODE-NAMEDDavunetide (NAP;
CODE-NAMEDMilameline was Parke-Davis and Roussel-Uclaf's shot at treating Alzheimer's disease by stimulating muscarinic receptors directly instead...
CODE-NAMEDSabcomeline was SmithKline Beecham's most clinically advanced muscarinic-agonist candidate for Alzheimer's disease, marketed in developme...
CODE-NAMEDTAK-071 is Takeda's M1 muscarinic positive allosteric modulator, built around a deliberately low cooperativity value on the finding that...
JAPANRapastinel (originally GLYX-13) is a tiny four-amino-acid peptide (Thr-Pro-Pro-Thr with an amidated tail) that acts as a functional parti...
CODE-NAMEDSBT-272, given the international nonproprietary name bevemipretide, is a mitochondria-targeted peptidomimetic from Stealth BioTherapeutic...
CODE-NAMED25N-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of the psychedelic phenethylamine 2C-N;
CODE-NAMED5-APB (5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is a benzofuran entactogen closely related to MDA, producing empathogenic, stimulant, and mildly psyc...
P7C3-A20 is the most-used member of the P7C3 family of aminopropyl carbazoles, a series that protects neurons in a striking range of anim...
Irdabisant (CEP-26401) is a potent, highly selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist and inverse agonist developed by Cephalon.
CODE-NAMEDMK-7622 is a Merck M1-selective muscarinic positive allosteric modulator that reached a phase 2 Alzheimer's trial as an add-on to acetylc...
CODE-NAMED4-HO-DiPT (4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine and the diisopropyl homolog of psilocin.
4-Hydroxyamphetamine is a metabolite of amphetamine that had a second career as a diagnostic eye drop.
Amfecloral (INN;
Arecaidine is the carboxylic acid sitting one hydrolysis step away from arecoline, the alkaloid that makes areca nut a stimulant.
ASP-4345 is an investigational small molecule developed by Astellas Pharma that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the dopamine D...
CODE-NAMEDBIA 10-2474 is an investigational, orally active fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor developed by the Portuguese pharmaceutical c...
CODE-NAMEDPF-04457845 is an investigational, orally bioavailable fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor developed by Pfizer that raises endoca...
Ralmitaront is an investigational, selective trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) partial agonist developed by Roche as a non-dopami...
CODE-NAMEDThe first CB1 cannabinoid-receptor blocker;
CODE-NAMEDT-817MA, later given the generic name edonerpic maleate, was developed by Toyama Chemical (subsequently absorbed into Fujifilm's pharmace...
JAPAN25E-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-E and a comparatively recent entrant to the NBOH class of serotonergic hallucinogens.
ART27-13 (also written ART27.13) is an experimental, orally active cannabinoid drug that acts as a potent, peripherally selective full ag...
CODE-NAMEDFosgonimeton is an injectable prodrug of dihexa, developed for Alzheimer's disease and taken through a 549-patient phase 2/3 trial that m...
CODE-NAMEDGambogic amide is a derivative of gambogic acid, a caged xanthone from the resin of a Southeast Asian tree, reported as a selective agoni...
A selective M1 positive allosteric modulator from Merck, used as the reference preclinical tool for the claim that boosting acetylcholine...
R13 is a prodrug of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, built by capping both of the parent compound's hydroxyl groups with carbamate esters so it surv...
Balipodect (TAK-063) is a selective phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor developed by Takeda as a potential antipsychotic for schizop...
JAPANTulrampator (S-47445) is a selective positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors developed by Servier.
CODE-NAMEDAtagabalin (developmental code PD-0200390) is an investigational gabapentinoid, a conformationally constrained cyclopentane analogue of g...
AVL-3288 (also known as UCI-4083) is an experimental compound that acts as a type I positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic ace...
CODE-NAMEDBesipirdine was Hoechst-Roussel's attempt to broaden the cholinergic-hypothesis playbook for Alzheimer's disease by hitting two neurotran...
CODE-NAMEDEncenicline (EVP-6124) is an investigational, orally active, selective partial agonist of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor dev...
CODE-NAMEDErinacine C is a cyathane diterpenoid from Hericium erinaceus mycelium and one of the more potent members of the erinacine series for ind...
Esmirtazapine is an experimental drug that is the S-enantiomer of the antidepressant mirtazapine, a member of the tetracyclic class.
CODE-NAMEDEtazolate (EHT-0202) is a fascinating triple-mechanism molecule: a 1970s pyrazolopyridine anxiolytic that ExonHit repurposed for Alzheime...
CODE-NAMEDHER-096 is a brain-penetrating peptidomimetic derived from human CDNF (cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor), developed by Herantis Phar...
CODE-NAMEDHT-0712 (betamilast) is a PDE4 inhibitor purpose-engineered to be a memory drug.
CODE-NAMEDA selective M1 partial agonist from Heptares that improved memory and attention in healthy volunteers and Alzheimer's patients, and was h...
Ispronicline traces its chemistry back to nicotine research originally funded by tobacco company R.J.
CODE-NAMEDMavoglurant (developmental code AFQ056) is an orally active, selective negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate recept...
CODE-NAMEDNeotrofin is the brand name for leteprinim potassium (development code AIT-082), a small purine derivative of hypoxanthine that was inves...
CODE-NAMEDRolipram (ZK 62711) is the prototypical PDE4 inhibitor and the reference compound for the entire class.
CODE-NAMEDSonlicromanol (KH176) is an orally active, blood-brain-barrier-penetrant small molecule derived from the vitamin E analog Trolox, develop...
CODE-NAMEDTAK-041 (NBI-1065846);
CODE-NAMED4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine;
4-HO-MPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine;
ABT-089, also known as pozanicline, is a synthetic small molecule that acts as a partial agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine rece...
CODE-NAMEDAlaproclate is one of the earliest selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), developed by Astra AB in the 1970s as a candidate ant...
CODE-NAMEDAlniditan is a serotonin 5-HT1B/5-HT1D receptor agonist that was investigated by Janssen as an abortive treatment for acute migraine atta...
CAD-31 is a preclinical Alzheimer's candidate from the Salk Institute, selected for its ability to make neural precursor cells divide and...
CODE-NAMEDCebaracetam is an experimental nootropic drug of the racetam family that was studied during the 1990s as a candidate treatment for cognit...
Cerlapirdine was Pfizer's 2010s-era entry into the crowded field of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists chasing Alzheimer's disease, following the...
CODE-NAMEDChlorphentermine is a discontinued appetite suppressant, the para-chloro version of phentermine;
Dexpramipexole (KNS-760704) is the R-enantiomer of the dopamine agonist pramipexole, stripped of most dopaminergic activity and repurpose...
CODE-NAMEDDihydrexidine (DAR-0100) is a synthetic phenanthridine and the first full agonist at the dopamine D1 receptor, developed largely through...
CODE-NAMEDEglumegad (developmental code LY354740) is a potent, selective orthosteric agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 an...
CODE-NAMEDA selective M4 positive allosteric modulator built at Pfizer and carried into schizophrenia trials by Cerevel and then AbbVie, whose phas...
CODE-NAMEDFK-960 was Fujisawa Pharmaceutical's (Japan) 1990s answer to a completely different question than most nootropics of its era: instead of...
JAPANFoliglurax (developmental code PXT002331) is an orally active, brain-penetrant positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu4 receptor, a gro...
CODE-NAMEDGacyclidine (GK-11) is a phencyclidine derivative built for an entirely different job than PCP or ketamine ever had: not anesthesia or re...
CODE-NAMEDIdalopirdine is a potent, selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist developed by H.
CODE-NAMEDIntepirdine is a selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist originally discovered at GlaxoSmithKline as SB-742457 and later licensed t...
CODE-NAMEDJNJ-40411813 (also known as ADX71149) is an orally active positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu2 receptor, developed jointly by Janss...
CODE-NAMEDLinopirdine took a completely different route to boosting acetylcholine than anything else in this collection;
CODE-NAMEDNorephedrine is a minor metabolite of amphetamine and, under its other name phenylpropanolamine, a drug that was in half the medicine cab...
Pomaglumetad methionil (developmental code LY2140023) is the methionine amide prodrug of LY404039, a selective orthosteric agonist of gro...
CODE-NAMEDR7 is a 7,8-dihydroxyflavone derivative that appears in research-chemical channels as a prodrug of that compound.
Sabeluzole (R 58 735) is a benzothiazole derivative developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica as a neuroprotective memory enhancer.
TAK-418;
CODE-NAMEDTAK-994;
CODE-NAMEDzelquistinel (codes GATE-251 and AGN-241751) is an investigational oral drug for depression;
CODE-NAMED3-Cl-PCP (3-chlorophencyclidine) is a ring-substituted analog of phencyclidine presumed to act, like its parent, as an uncompetitive N-me...
ABT-126 was AbbVie's (formerly Abbott's) selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, developed for both cognitive impairme...
CODE-NAMEDADL-5747 is an investigational, orally active, selective delta (delta) opioid receptor agonist that was developed as a non-classical anal...
CODE-NAMEDAdrogolide is a water-soluble prodrug that rapidly converts in plasma to A-86929, a highly selective full agonist at dopamine D1 receptors.
CODE-NAMEDactelion's dual orexin receptor antagonist and the first DORA to reach late clinical trials for insomnia;
CODE-NAMEDAptiganel (originally CNS-1102, later tested under the name Cerestat) was one of the most closely watched NMDA-antagonist neuroprotectant...
CODE-NAMEDATH-1105 is an oral small molecule being developed for ALS, from the same company as fosgonimeton and on the same claimed mechanism of po...
CODE-NAMEDAV-101 is an oral prodrug, not an active drug in the blood;
CODE-NAMEDAZD-2327 is an investigational, highly selective delta-opioid receptor agonist that AstraZeneca developed as a potential antidepressant a...
CODE-NAMEDB-193 is an experimental beta-carboline compound studied in the late 1980s and 1990s as an atypical antidepressant with serotonin 5-HT2 r...
Eliprodil was one of the first NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists to reach human trials, developed by the French pharmaceutical com...
CODE-NAMEDEptastigmine was the Italian pharmaceutical company Mediolanum's long-acting redesign of physostigmine, an old carbamate cholinesterase i...
CODE-NAMEDEsmethadone is the dextro-isomer of methadone, the mirror-image molecule of the opioid used in addiction maintenance therapy, except it b...
CODE-NAMEDEtizolam is a thienodiazepine, a close cousin of the benzodiazepines that acts the same way on GABA.
merck's second dual orexin antagonist (MK-6096);
CODE-NAMEDLY451646 was one of Eli Lilly's AMPA receptor potentiators explored as a fundamentally different kind of antidepressant, one that worked...
CODE-NAMEDLY503430 was Eli Lilly's early-2000s AMPA receptor potentiator, built to test whether boosting glutamatergic signaling could protect and...
CODE-NAMEDMasupirdine is a potent, selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist developed by Suven Life Sciences as SUVN-502 for cognitive deficit...
CODE-NAMEDMethaqualone (sold historically as Quaalude and Mandrax) is a sedative-hypnotic depressant that was once widely prescribed for sleep and...
MK-0777 was a Merck compound built to be a benzodiazepine-like drug without the sedation;
CODE-NAMEDNelivaptan chased a genuinely novel idea in psychiatry, blocking the vasopressin V1b receptor instead of tuning serotonin or GABA, on the...
CODE-NAMEDPEPA came out of Japan's National Institute of Neuroscience in the mid-1990s as a sulfonamide-based AMPA receptor potentiator, and resear...
JAPANRobalzotan was AstraZeneca's attempt to flip the SSRI script;
CODE-NAMEDRolziracetam was developed as CI-911 during the 1980s racetam research wave that piracetam's success touched off across European and Amer...
CODE-NAMEDServier, the French pharmaceutical company, developed S 38093 as a histamine H3 receptor antagonist meant to work alongside existing Alzh...
SB-399885 is a potent, selective and orally active serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist developed at GlaxoSmithKline as a cognition-enhanc...
CODE-NAMEDSB-649868 was GlaxoSmithKline's entry in the dual orexin receptor antagonist race that eventually produced approved drugs like suvorexant;
CODE-NAMEDSiramesine came out of H.
CODE-NAMEDSSR181507 was a Sanofi-Synthelabo tropanemethanamine compound built around a dual mechanism that was, on paper, close to ideal for schizo...
CODE-NAMEDTC-5619 was Targacept's alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, one of the most closely watched compounds of the alpha7-...
CODE-NAMEDTraxoprodil (CP-101,606) started life at Pfizer in the 1990s as a stroke and traumatic-brain-injury neuroprotectant, built around a then-...
CODE-NAMEDTrimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant that was historically used to control absence (petit mal) seizures.
Velnacrine is the main liver metabolite of tacrine, and Hoechst-Roussel developed it under the name Mentane hoping that using the metabol...
CODE-NAMEDtaisho's investigational dual orexin receptor antagonist (TS-142) with an unusually short half-life, designed for fast sleep onset and mi...
JAPANXaliproden (SR57746A) is a synthetic 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist that also shows neurotrophic, NGF-like activity (nerve growth fact...
CODE-NAMEDAbbott Laboratories built ABT-239 as a drug-like, orally active histamine H3 antagonist with real human-development ambitions behind it,...
CODE-NAMEDAC-90179 is a research compound and selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, with additional 5-HT2C antagonist activity, that...
CODE-NAMEDAn investigational phenethylamine studied briefly in the early 1970s as a possible antidepressant.
LOST LITERATUREAMG 747, later given the generic name tilapertin, was Amgen's oral GlyT1 inhibitor entry in the crowded mid-2010s field chasing glycine-m...
CODE-NAMEDAmibegron approached depression and anxiety from a genuinely unusual angle, agonizing the atypical beta-3 adrenergic receptor rather than...
CODE-NAMEDApimostinel (NRX-1074) is the understudy in the rapastinel story: developed by the same company, Naurex, using the same core idea of gent...
CODE-NAMEDAVN-322 is an investigational, highly selective 5-HT6 serotonin receptor antagonist developed by Avineuro Pharmaceuticals as a potential...
CODE-NAMEDAWD 52-39 is an investigational lysergamide (a chemical relative of LSD) that was developed as a nootropic for cognitive disorders before...
CODE-NAMEDAxomadol (EN3324) is an investigational centrally acting analgesic that combines opioid receptor agonism with inhibition of noradrenaline...
CODE-NAMEDBifeprunox was Solvay Pharmaceuticals' and Wyeth's answer to aripiprazole: a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist paired with 5-HT1A part...
CODE-NAMEDBitopertin was Roche's flagship glycine reuptake inhibitor and, for a while, the most closely watched drug in the whole NMDA-hypofunction...
CODE-NAMEDBnH-015B is an oral compound from a Korean company, in a first-in-human trial for Alzheimer's disease.
Cyclazodone is a stimulant research chemical from the oxazolidinone family;
Decoglurant took a different route into the same glutamate story that ketamine made famous: instead of blocking the NMDA receptor directl...
Metrifonate has one of the stranger backstories in Alzheimer's drug history;
MIJ821 (onfasprodil) is Novartis's entry into the decades-long line of GluN2B (NR2B)-selective NMDA drugs that runs back through eliprodi...
CODE-NAMEDRoluperidone (MIN-101) is Minerva Neurosciences' attempt at an antipsychotic that deliberately avoids dopamine D2 blockade, the mechanism...
CODE-NAMEDNGX267 started life at Neurogen Corporation and was carried forward by TorreyPines Therapeutics in the mid-to-late 2000s as a dual M1/M4...
CODE-NAMEDOrg 34517 targeted a different piece of the depression puzzle entirely, the glucocorticoid receptor, on the theory that chronically eleva...
CODE-NAMEDPF-04958242 was Pfizer's AMPA receptor potentiator, and unusually for this drug class it actually cleared a real human test: in a 2017 st...
CODE-NAMEDPropentofylline was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Hoechst under the code HWA 285 as a glia-targeting approach to dementi...
CODE-NAMEDRislenemdaz began life at Merck as MK-0657, an orally bioavailable, highly selective GluN2B (NR2B) subunit NMDA receptor antagonist, firs...
CODE-NAMEDRoche researchers built RO5203648 as one of the first selective, potent partial agonists at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)...
ORPHANTacrine earns its spot in this archive on historical weight rather than obscurity;
luvadaxistat (TAK-831 / NBI-1065844);
CODE-NAMEDTandospirone is a case of a drug that succeeded, just never where most of the archive's audience would notice;
JAPANVabicaserin was Wyeth's, and later Pfizer's (after the 2009 acquisition), selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist built on a completely differe...
CODE-NAMEDAcaprazine is a phenylpiperazine-class anxiolytic and adrenergic-blocking (adrenolytic) agent that was investigated but never marketed.
Alentemol is an investigational compound described as a selective dopamine autoreceptor agonist that was studied as a potential antipsych...
Alpertine is an experimental antipsychotic from the pertine group of compounds (alongside oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine) that...
LOST LITERATUREATHX-105 was an investigational, highly selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist developed by Athersys as an oral appetite suppressant...
CODE-NAMEDAtibeprone is an investigational antidepressant, a coumarin derivative containing a thiadiazole moiety, that was developed in the mid-199...
AZD-7268 is an investigational delta-opioid receptor agonist that AstraZeneca developed as a potential oral treatment for major depressiv...
CODE-NAMEDAzepindole is an experimental tricyclic compound from the late 1960s that was studied for combined antidepressant and antihypertensive (b...
CODE-NAMEDAzipramine, also known by the code TQ-86, is a tetracyclic antidepressant that was synthesized and tested in animals in 1976 but never re...
LOST LITERATUREBamaluzole is an experimental anticonvulsant from the imidazopyridine chemical class, patented by Merck as a potential seizure treatment...
Bavisant started life at Johnson & Johnson as JNJ-31001074, a potent, brain-penetrant histamine H3 antagonist aimed at adult ADHD;
CODE-NAMEDElzasonan was Pfizer's bet on serotonin autoreceptor blockade as an SSRI booster;
CODE-NAMEDknown mainly by an internal development code; the molecule outlived the program that named it.
WAY-100635 is the molecule that a very large part of what is known about the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was measured with.
CODE-NAMEDWAY-200070 is a synthetic nonsteroidal agonist of estrogen receptor beta, made at Wyeth as one of a series designed to tell the two estro...
CODE-NAMEDMAP4343 (3β-methoxypregnenolone) is a synthetic derivative of the endogenous neurosteroid pregnenolone in which the 3β-hydroxyl group is...
CODE-NAMEDURB597, also known as KDS-4103, is a potent and selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that breaks down the...
CODE-NAMEDOveporexton (TAK-861), approved by the FDA on 5 August 2026 as Orzeyful;
CODE-NAMEDJZL195 is a first-in-class, centrally active dual inhibitor of the two principal endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydr...
CODE-NAMEDdanavorexton (TAK-925);
CODE-NAMEDTHN102 is an investigational drug combination that pairs the wakefulness-promoting agent modafinil with a low dose of flecainide, a compo...
CODE-NAMEDACD856 is an experimental drug from the Swedish company AlzeCure Pharma designed to make the brain's own growth factors work harder rathe...
CODE-NAMEDALD-52 (1-acetyl-LSD) is the 1-acetyl derivative of LSD, historically associated with the "Orange Sunshine" acid of the 1960s and one of...
CODE-NAMEDASP2905 is an experimental small molecule that acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv12.2, en...
CODE-NAMEDLAE-32, or lysergic acid monoethylamide, is a lysergamide closely related to LSD in which one of the two ethyl groups of the diethylamide...
CODE-NAMEDLIT-001 is the first non-peptide oxytocin receptor agonist that reaches the brain and changes behaviour after an ordinary injection into...
CODE-NAMEDMCC950 is a potent, highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome that blocks canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 acti...
CODE-NAMEDOL-135 is a reversible, competitive fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor of the alpha-ketoheterocycle class, developed by the Boge...
CODE-NAMEDPF-3845 is a highly selective, covalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor developed by Pfizer as a pharmacological tool to augm...
CODE-NAMEDPRE-084 is a synthetic, highly selective agonist of the sigma-1 receptor, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein that modulates calci...
CODE-NAMEDWIN 55,212-2 is a synthetic aminoalkylindole cannabinoid receptor agonist that binds and fully activates both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid...
CODE-NAMEDAM3506 is an investigational fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor of the sulfonyl fluoride chemical class that raises brain levels...
CODE-NAMEDCP-55,940 is a synthetic non-classical cannabinoid that acts as a potent, non-selective full agonist at the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid recep...
CODE-NAMEDCX-516 (Ampalex) is the first-in-class ampakine, developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals, historically important as the compound that establi...
CODE-NAMEDHU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that acts as an ultra-potent full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.
CODE-NAMEDJWH-018 is a synthetic naphthoylindole cannabinoid and a potent full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, considerably more efficacious...
CODE-NAMEDPNU-120596 is a selective type II positive allosteric modulator of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor;
CODE-NAMEDSOMCL-668 is the first selective and potent positive allosteric modulator of the sigma-1 receptor, developed by the Shanghai Institute of...
CODE-NAMEDVD11 is an 11-amino-acid linear peptide (VDELWPPWLPC) isolated from the spinal cord of the Chinese odorous frog Odorrana schmackeri.
CODE-NAMEDVU319 is a Vanderbilt-discovered M1-selective positive allosteric modulator with minimal intrinsic agonist activity that completed a firs...
CODE-NAMEDBAY 60-7550 is a potent, selective phosphodiesterase-2 (PDE2) inhibitor.
CODE-NAMEDCE-158 is an investigational, highly selective atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor developed by academic groups in Vienna, Salzburg,...
CODE-NAMEDCX-717 is a later, more brain-penetrant ampakine (Cortex Pharmaceuticals, later RespireRx) notable for offsetting sleep-deprivation cogni...
CODE-NAMEDJWH-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid of the naphthoylindole class that acts as a potent agonist at both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2.
CODE-NAMEDOrg 26576 is an investigational ampakine from the Organon (later Merck) program;
CODE-NAMEDRS-67333 is a selective, high-affinity partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor that has become the reference pharmacological tool...
CODE-NAMEDAMN082 is the first identified selective allosteric agonist of the mGlu7 receptor, a group III metabotropic glutamate receptor that is th...
CODE-NAMEDan6001 is an experimental (saniona) positive allosteric modulator that is selective for alpha6beta2-containing nicotinic receptors;
CODE-NAMEDAZD-3783 is an investigational, selective serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist that AstraZeneca developed as a potential treatment for ma...
CODE-NAMEDCX-1739 is a second-generation, low-impact ampakine developed by RespireRx Pharmaceuticals (formerly Cortex) as a positive allosteric mod...
CODE-NAMEDCX-546 is a benzoxazine ampakine developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors.
CODE-NAMEDCX-614 is a benzoxazine ampakine from the Cortex Pharmaceuticals program and a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate recep...
CODE-NAMEDGTS-21, also known as DMXB-A, is an investigational drug that acts as a selective partial agonist at the alpha-7 subtype of nicotinic ace...
CODE-NAMEDLY341495 is a potent and selective orthosteric antagonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) developed by Eli...
CODE-NAMEDLY379268 is a highly potent and selective orthosteric agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) developed by...
CODE-NAMEDLY392098 was an early entry in Eli Lilly's biarylpropylsulfonamide AMPA potentiator series, and it did double duty in the company's resea...
CODE-NAMEDLY404187 was one of the most potent compounds to come out of Eli Lilly's early-2000s AMPA receptor potentiator program, a biarylpropylsul...
CODE-NAMEDNAX 810-2 is a second-generation galanin analog engineered to prefer galanin receptor 2 over receptor 1, developed to preserve the antico...
CODE-NAMEDNAX-5055, also known as Gal-B2, is a systemically active, metabolically stable galanin analog engineered to cross the blood-brain barrier...
CODE-NAMEDSKF-38393 is a synthetic organic compound of the benzazepine class that acts as a selective agonist at the dopamine D1 receptor family.
CODE-NAMEDSL65.0155 is a selective 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist developed as a cognition-enhancing candidate, notable for producing robust improv...
CODE-NAMEDSNAP-37889 is a potent, selective small-molecule antagonist of the galanin receptor 3 subtype, studied together with its more water-solub...
CODE-NAMEDSR-17018 is an experimental synthetic opioid;
CODE-NAMEDAQW051 was Novartis's alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, developed alongside ABT-126, TC-5619, and encenicline in t...
CODE-NAMEDAUT-00063 is an investigational Kv3 (Shaw-family) potassium channel modulator developed by Autifony Therapeutics for hearing disorders, c...
CODE-NAMEDDAA-1097 is a high-affinity synthetic ligand of the translocator protein TSPO, historically called the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor.
CODE-NAMEDEMD-386088 is a selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor agonist, described in some assays as a partial agonist, that is used as a pharmacologi...
CODE-NAMEDHA-966 is a small research-tool molecule, (±)-3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one, that acts at the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDA glu...
CODE-NAMEDIFB-088 (also called icergustat, related to the tool compound Sephin1) is an experimental small molecule that inhibits the regulatory sub...
CODE-NAMEDLSM-775 (lysergic acid morpholide) is a lysergamide in which the diethylamide of LSD is replaced by a morpholine ring.
CODE-NAMEDMRZ-9547 is the R-enantiomer of phenylpiracetam (R-fonturacetam), developed by Merz Pharmaceuticals as a selective dopamine transporter (...
CODE-NAMEDNS-2359 (GSK372475) is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with approximately equipotent blockade of the dopamine, norepinephrine, and...
CODE-NAMEDOrg 25935 was Organon's (later Merck, after the 2009 Schering-Plough/Organon merger) entry into the glycine reuptake inhibitor race, arri...
CODE-NAMEDA Pfizer M1 positive allosteric modulator whose tritiated form became the first radioligand for the M1 allosteric site, letting a program...
CODE-NAMEDSB-271046 is one of the first potent and selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonists, developed at SmithKline Beecham as a research to...
CODE-NAMEDTAK-137;
CODE-NAMEDtc299423 is an experimental (targacept) small-molecule nicotinic agonist with an alpha6-preferring profile;
CODE-NAMEDWAY-181187 is a potent and selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor agonist developed at Wyeth as a pharmacological tool to probe the receptor'...
CODE-NAMEDAC-260584 is an Abbott Laboratories research compound from the 2000s, part of the same M1-muscarinic-agonist wave as sabcomeline and xano...
CODE-NAMEDAGN-1135 is the racemic mixture of rasagiline (the R-(+)-enantiomer) and its much less active S-(-)-enantiomer, TVP-1022.
CODE-NAMEDAZD-1134 is an investigational, selective serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist that AstraZeneca researched preclinically as a potential t...
CODE-NAMEDGlaxoSmithKline built GSK189254 out of a benzazepine chemical series distinct from the imidazole-based H3 antagonists that came before it...
CODE-NAMEDmerck's selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA);
CODE-NAMEDOtsuka Pharmaceutical in Japan built OPC-14523 to hit two antidepressant-relevant targets in one molecule, sigma receptors and the 5-HT1A...
JAPANthe original selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist;
CODE-NAMEDAstra2959 is an obscure research chemical identified by vendors as N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylcyclobutanamine hydrochloride, the N,N-dimeth...
CODE-NAMEDampakines, sigma and nmda modulators, orexin and galanin ligands; unusual targets, thin human data.
3α-Androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) is an endogenous neurosteroid formed as the terminal 3α-reduced metabolite of dihydrotestos...
Androsterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one) is an endogenous androstane neurosteroid (a steroid synthesized or acting within the nervou...
Allotetrahydrocorticosterone (3α,5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone, or allo-THB) is an endogenous neurosteroid generated by sequential 5α-reduc...
Epiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one;
CODE-NAMEDPregnenolone sulfate (PregS) is an endogenous excitatory neurosteroid (a steroid synthesized in and acting upon the nervous system) forme...
CODE-NAMEDTHDOC (3-alpha,5-alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone) is an endogenous neurosteroid (a steroid that acts rapidly on neuronal membrane rec...
CODE-NAMEDAllopregnanolone (chemically 3-alpha-hydroxy-5-alpha-pregnan-20-one, also known as 3-alpha,5-alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone or 3-alpha,5-al...
CODE-NAMEDEpipregnanolone (3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one) is an endogenous neurosteroid and the fourth stereoisomer of tetrahydroprogesterone,...
CODE-NAMEDGanaxolone (research code CCD-1042;
CODE-NAMEDEstratetraenol (estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol) is an endogenous estrane steroid (a C18 steroid built on the same carbon skeleton as the...
6-Ketoprogesterone (systematic name pregn-4-ene-3,6,20-trione) is a synthetic oxidised derivative and minor oxidative metabolite of proge...
JAPAN5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) is an endogenous neurosteroid and progestogen formed when the enzyme 5α-reductase reduces progesterone at...
CODE-NAMEDAndrostenone (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) is an endogenous 16-androstene steroid and the archetypal mammalian putative pheromone, best kn...
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (historically named cerebrosterol) is an endogenous oxysterol (an oxygenated derivative of cholesterol) generate...
Etiocholanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one) is an endogenous androstane neurosteroid formed as a major hepatic metabolite of testost...
CODE-NAMEDAndrostadienol (androsta-5,16-dien-3β-ol) is an endogenous C19 (nineteen-carbon) delta-5,16 steroid alcohol that functions as the committ...
Androstenol (5-alpha-androst-16-en-3-alpha-ol, with a 3-beta epimer) is an endogenous 16-androstene steroid (a C19 steroid that lacks the...
Deoxycorticosterone (11-deoxycorticosterone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone;
Itruvone (development code PH-10, also written PH10) is an investigational synthetic neuroactive steroid of the pherine class being studi...
CODE-NAMED2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK, 2F-DCK) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and a fluorinated analog of ketamine in which the aroma...
Methoxetamine (MXE) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative developed as a ketamine analog and widely sold as a research chemical before i...
Deschloroketamine (DCK) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and a ketamine analogue in which the aromatic chlorine of ketamine is remo...
(2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine is a downstream metabolite of ketamine, and it is the compound at the centre of the most interesting open ques...
Arketamine is the R-enantiomer of ketamine, the half that was not developed.
CODE-NAMEDNorketamine is the first and largest metabolite of ketamine, made by removing a single methyl group, and unlike most metabolites it is ph...
MTEP is a selective, brain-penetrant negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5).
Farampator (CX-691 / Org 24448) is an investigational ampakine, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors, advance...
CODE-NAMEDGalanin(1-15) is an active N-terminal fragment of galanin that behaves as a distinct signaling entity through galanin receptor 1 and rece...
Galnon is a low-molecular-weight, systemically active nonpeptide galanin receptor agonist and one of the first small molecules shown to a...
Basimglurant (developmental codes RG7090 and RO4917523) is a potent, selective negative allosteric modulator of the mGlu5 receptor develo...
CODE-NAMEDDipraglurant (developmental code ADX48621) is an orally active negative allosteric modulator of the mGlu5 receptor developed by Addex The...
CODE-NAMEDFenobam is an imidazole small molecule originally developed in the 1970s as a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic whose mechanism was unknown u...
CODE-NAMEDGalanin-like peptide, or GALP, is a 60-amino-acid neuropeptide isolated from porcine hypothalamus whose central region is identical to th...
Galanin(2-11), also known as AR-M1896, is a short galanin fragment corresponding to residues two through eleven of the peptide and is wid...
CODE-NAMEDGalmic is a macrocyclic nonpeptide galanin receptor agonist built on a rigid protein-surface-mimicking scaffold that displays galnon's ph...
M617 is a synthetic chimeric galanin analog that acts as a galanin receptor 1 preferring agonist and is used as a subtype-selective resea...
Mibampator (LY451395) is a biarylpropylsulfonamide positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors developed by Eli Lilly as a cognition-...
CODE-NAMEDSapunifiram (MN-19) is an investigational piperidine cognition-enhancer developed by the medicinal chemistry group at the University of F...
CODE-NAMEDSpexin, also called neuropeptide Q, is a small 14-amino-acid peptide discovered by bioinformatics and later shown to be an endogenous lig...
CODE-NAMEDE-6801 is a potent serotonin 5-HT6 receptor agonist, characterized as a high-efficacy partial-to-full agonist depending on assay conditio...
E-6837 is a selective, high-affinity serotonin 5-HT6 receptor ligand developed at Laboratorios Dr.
F-Phenibut (fluorophenibut) is a fluorinated analog of phenibut, a GABA-B agonist used as an anxiolytic and sleep aid;
Lanicemine (AZD6765) was built on a simple idea: if ketamine's antidepressant effect comes from blocking NMDA receptors, maybe a low-trap...
CODE-NAMEDidorsia's ACT-539313;
CODE-NAMEDS-18986 was French pharmaceutical company Servier's entry into the ampakine race, developed through the 2000s as a cognitive enhancer aim...
LOST LITERATURESuritozole took the opposite approach from a sleeping pill;
CODE-NAMEDENT-A011 is a synthetic derivative of DHEA reported to activate the TrkB receptor, the target of BDNF, without touching the related TrkA...
HBT1 is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor (an "ampakine") that came out of a Takeda drug-discovery program.
JAPANjanssen's brain-penetrant selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist (~50-fold OX1 over OX2);
investigated in basically one study, then silence; included because someone should keep the record.
1,3-Butanediol is an alcohol-like compound the body metabolizes into beta-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body and, more prominently, into a be...
3C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, the alpha-methylated (amphetamine) homolog of escaline withi...
3C-P is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, the alpha-methylated (amphetamine) homolog of proscaline in...
4-PMPD is an obscure research chemical that vendor and reference sources identify with 4-benzylpiperidine, also named 4-(phenylmethyl)pip...
5-MeO-DiBF is an obscure benzofuran analogue of the tryptamine 5-MeO-DiPT, in which the indole nitrogen is replaced by oxygen to form a b...
Ariadne is a phenethylamine psychedelic analog first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and documented in PiHKAL.
CODE-NAMEDMephenaqualone is a quinazolinone sedative-hypnotic, a close structural analog of methaqualone (the Quaalude drug).
Methylphenylpiracetam (MPP) is a methylated analogue of phenylpiracetam developed at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, and its...
N-Methyl-Cyclazodone is the N-methylated analog of cyclazodone, a stimulant research chemical from the pemoline-related oxazolidinone fam...
N-Phenethyl dimethylamine, chemically N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, is a doubly methylated analogue of the trace amine beta-phenylethylamin...
Ocaperidone was a Janssen Pharmaceutica benzisoxazole compound from the same chemical family that produced risperidone, sharing its dual...
PEA-P (sold as PEA-P HCl) is a phenethylamine-family stimulant marketed as a mood and energy ingredient, built on the core structure of b...
Zylofuramine (WIN 25873) is a mid-twentieth-century central nervous system stimulant belonging to the alpha-benzyltetrahydrofurfurylamine...
CODE-NAMEDAdarigiline is an investigational monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor first described in a 2009 patent assigned to Helicon Therapeutics.
Allylescaline is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, distinguished by an allyloxy group at the 4 positio...
A dechlorinated mazindol analogue tuned to be a clean noradrenaline reuptake blocker plus a partial orexin-2 agonist;
Fluorene myristate is an obscure research compound marketed as a nootropic;
N-Ethyl-Cypenamine is the N-ethyl analogue of cypenamine, 2-phenylcyclopentan-1-amine, a psychostimulant patented by the William S.
LOST LITERATUREN-Methyl-Cypenamine is the N-methyl analog of cypenamine (2-phenylcyclopentylamine), a catecholaminergic CNS stimulant research chemical.
PARGY-LAD is an obscure lysergamide analog of LSD in which one amide N-ethyl group is replaced by a propargyl group, a short carbon chain...
Radafaxine is the single-isomer version of a molecule most people have already taken without knowing it, the active (2S,3S)-hydroxybuprop...
CODE-NAMEDeverything else worth keeping, grouped by what it actually is.
Intranasal insulin is an experimental way of giving insulin as a nasal spray so that it reaches the brain directly, largely bypassing the...
Etiracetam is a synthetic compound of the racetam family and a close relative of piracetam.
Nebracetam (development code WEB 1881 FU) is an investigational nootropic of the racetam family that was studied mainly in Japan as a pot...
JAPANViloxazine, sold as extended-release Qelbree, is a non-stimulant ADHD medication approved for children, adolescents, and adults.
CODE-NAMEDD-serine is the D-enantiomer of the amino acid serine and acts as a signaling molecule in the brain, where it serves as a co-agonist at t...
Oleamide (cis-9,10-octadecenoamide) is an endogenous fatty acid primary amide, the simple amide of oleic acid, and the prototypical membe...
3-MeO-PCP (3-methoxyphencyclidine) is a dissociative new psychoactive substance of the arylcyclohexylamine (phencyclidine) class.
MDMB-4en-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid, an indazole carboxamide sold sprayed onto plant material and into vape liquid.
25I-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-I and the best-known member of the NBOMe family, sometimes sold on blotter paper as...
Indeloxazine was developed and marketed in Japan from the late 1980s, under brand names including Elen and Noin, as a dual serotonin/nore...
JAPANA-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone), circulated recreationally as "flakka", is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone structurally related...
Bromo-DragonFLY is a benzodifuran psychedelic, a conformationally rigid analog of DOB in which the phenethylamine is locked into a winged...
DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) is a potent, long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family bearing an iodine substituent at...
Methcathinone (ephedrone) is the beta-keto analog of methamphetamine and the N-methyl derivative of cathinone.
Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone, bk-MDMA) is the beta-keto analog of MDMA and a synthetic cathinone once sold in "bath salts"...
The fungal alkaloid that muscarinic receptors are named after;
Nle1-Angiotensin IV is a six-amino-acid peptide, angiotensin IV with its first residue swapped for norleucine.
25B-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-B and one of the more potent members of the NBOMe family of hallucinogens.
CODE-NAMED25C-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-C and one of the most frequently encountered members of the NBOMe family.
CODE-NAMED2C-B (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a phenethylamine psychedelic first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin that occupies a pharmac...
DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), historically distributed as STP, is a potent, long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx fam...
Elunetirom (ABX-002) is an investigational thyromimetic prodrug designed to deliver selective thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR-beta) act...
CODE-NAMEDHarmine is a beta-carboline alkaloid found in the vine Banisteriopsis caapi and in Peganum harmala (Syrian rue), and it is one of the har...
HNG is a synthetic potency-boosted analog of humanin, a 24-amino-acid peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA.
CODE-NAMEDMIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), also called melanostatin, is a small endogenous tripeptide made in the body.
A 65 residue three-finger protein from green mamba venom that blocks the M1 muscarinic receptor from an allosteric site;
Talsaclidine is a functionally M1-preferring muscarinic agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for Alzheimer's disease;
CODE-NAMED1cP-LSD (1-cyclopropanoyl-LSD) is a widely distributed lysergamide bearing a cyclopropylcarbonyl group on the indole nitrogen of LSD.
1P-LSD (1-propionyl-LSD) is a semisynthetic lysergamide and one of the most widely distributed LSD prodrugs, differing from LSD only by a...
CODE-NAMED5-MeO-DALT (5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine bearing two allyl groups and a 5-methoxy substituent, first prepar...
5-MeO-DiPT (5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine), popularly called "Foxy," is a synthetic tryptamine combining a 5-methoxy group with two...
Alvameline was Lundbeck's attempt at a smarter cholinergic drug for Alzheimer's disease.
CODE-NAMEDDHED (10-beta,17-beta-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one) is an experimental bioprecursor prodrug of the estrogen 17-beta-estradiol that is in...
CODE-NAMEDDOB (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a potent, very long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family, bearing a bromine at the...
Harmaline is a beta-carboline alkaloid closely related to harmine, differing by being partly reduced (dihydro) on the pyridine ring, and...
PRO-LAD is a lysergamide analog of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in which one of the N,N-diethyl substituents is replaced by an n-prop...
Salvia divinorum is a psychoactive member of the mint family, traditionally used by the Mazatec people of Oaxaca, Mexico in divinatory an...
VU0486846 is an experimental M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator (an "M1 PAM";
1B-LSD (1-butyryl-LSD) is a semisynthetic lysergamide bearing a four-carbon butyryl group on the indole nitrogen of lysergic acid diethyl...
1V-LSD (1-valeroyl-LSD), nicknamed "Valerie," is an N1-acylated lysergamide that can be regarded as a higher homolog of ALD-52, 1P-LSD, a...
JAPAN25B-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of the phenethylamine 2C-B and a member of the NBOH family of serotonergic hallucinogens.
25I-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-I and one of the most studied members of the NBOH family.
CODE-NAMED2C-B-FLY is the tetrahydrobenzodifuran ("FLY") analog of 2C-B, in which the 2- and 5-methoxy groups are locked into fused dihydrofuran ri...
2C-I is a widely encountered 2C-series psychedelic phenethylamine bearing an iodine substituent at the 4-position.
2C-T-7 is a sulfur-containing member of the 2C family of psychedelic phenethylamines, bearing a propylthio group at the 4 position.
5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), also known as mebufotenin, is a fast-acting serotonergic psychedelic found in the venom of...
6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran), sold as "Benzo Fury," is a benzofuran entactogen and positional isomer of 5-APB.
AMT (alpha-methyltryptamine) is an alpha-methylated tryptamine that combines serotonergic psychedelic activity with stimulant properties,...
CODE-NAMEDBufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a naturally occurring tryptamine and a positional isomer of psilocin, found in the seeds...
Imidazenil is an experimental imidazobenzodiazepine that acts as a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine site of GABA-A receptors.
JJC8-088 is a modafinil-derived dopamine transporter blocker synthesised at NIDA that was first published as an atypical, low abuse liabi...
CODE-NAMEDOne of the two original green mamba muscarinic toxins;
Tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP) is a naturally occurring phytocannabinoid that shares the core structure of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)...
2,5-DMA (2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a ring-substituted amphetamine and the 4-unsubstituted parent structure of the DOx family of psyche...
3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone, metaphedrone) is a synthetic cathinone and positional isomer of mephedrone that emerged as a replacement af...
7,8,3'-Trihydroxyflavone is a close relative of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone with one extra hydroxyl, reported in the founding work on that compo...
A-PHP (alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone, or alpha-PHP) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone, the one-carbon homologue of the widely abused...
AL-LAD (6-allyl-6-nor-LSD) is a lysergamide psychedelic closely related to LSD, differing by replacement of the N6 methyl group with an a...
Ephylone, also known as N-ethylpentylone or N-ethylnorpentylone, is a methylenedioxy-substituted synthetic cathinone that behaves primari...
Ergine, also called d-lysergic acid amide (LSA), is a naturally occurring ergoline alkaloid and the simple amide of lysergic acid.
CODE-NAMEDGrayanotoxins are a family of diterpenoid toxins produced by plants of the Ericaceae family, notably certain Rhododendron species, and th...
LY2033298 is a preclinical positive allosteric modulator of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor;
Morphodrol is a vendor name for morpholin-3-yl(diphenyl)methanol, also written 3-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)morpholine, CAS 26581-79-3.
A 65 residue green mamba toxin used as the standard M4-preferring muscarinic antagonist, with the significant caveat that it binds severa...
Nitromemantine is an experimental, two-in-one derivative of memantine developed largely by Stuart Lipton's group.
CODE-NAMEDPMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) is a ring-methoxylated amphetamine that acts as a potent serotonin releaser with additional monoamine oxida...
1cP-MiPLA is a doubly modified lysergamide combining a cyclopropanecarbonyl group on the indole nitrogen with the N-methyl-N-isopropyl am...
25C-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-C and a member of the NBOH class of potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists.
25D-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-D and a member of the potent NBOMe hallucinogen class.
3-MeO-PCE (3-methoxyeticyclidine) is a methoxylated analog of eticyclidine (PCE) in the arylcyclohexylamine class that acts as an NMDA re...
Cathinone (S-(-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone) is the principal psychoactive alkaloid of the khat shrub (Catha edulis), traditionally chewed...
Colivelin is a synthetic 26-amino-acid hybrid peptide built by fusing a short activity-dependent neurotrophic factor fragment (ADNF-9, SA...
CODE-NAMEDDeoxygedunin is a natural product from the Indian neem tree and from andiroba seed oil, a limonoid of the gedunin family.
CODE-NAMEDDimiracetam is a synthetic bicyclic compound of the racetam family, related to the nootropic drug piracetam.
CODE-NAMEDDOC (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a potent, very long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family, bearing a chlorine at th...
Erinacine A is the flagship cyathane diterpenoid produced by the mycelium of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Lion's M...
Hydergine is the trade name for ergoloid mesylates, a mixture of methanesulfonate salts of several hydrogenated ergot alkaloids derived f...
CODE-NAMEDIPAP is a little-studied member of the PPAP/BPAP family of synthetic 'enhancer' compounds that grew out of Jozsef Knoll's work on selegil...
LM22A-4 is a rationally designed small-molecule mimetic of the loop-II domain of BDNF that activates the TrkB neurotrophin receptor, disc...
McN-A-343 is a quaternary muscarinic agonist that served for decades as the standard tool for identifying M1-mediated responses, and whic...
NPAP is a little-studied member of the PPAP/BPAP family of synthetic 'enhancer' compounds that came out of Jozsef Knoll's work on selegil...
Opipramol is an anxiolytic and antidepressant medication that is structurally related to the tricyclic antidepressants but has a distinct...
Oxotremorine is a non-selective muscarinic agonist used in the laboratory to produce a reproducible cholinergic syndrome in rodents: trem...
P7C3 is an investigational neuroprotective compound of the aminopropyl carbazole class, studied only in laboratory and animal research.
P7C3-S243 is a single-enantiomer member of the P7C3 series, purified to 99 percent excess rather than used as a mixture.
PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine) is the N-methylated homolog of PMA and shares its hazardous profile as a serotonin releaser with monoa...
Sodium phenylbutyrate is a short-chain fatty acid that wears two hats.
1cP-AL-LAD is a doubly modified lysergamide carrying a cyclopropanecarbonyl group on the indole nitrogen of AL-LAD (6-allyl-6-nor-LSD), a...
JAPAN1P-ETH-LAD (1-propionyl-ETH-LAD) is a research lysergamide combining two structural modifications of LSD;
2C-C is a member of the 2C series of psychedelic phenethylamines bearing a chlorine substituent at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxyphe...
2C-D is a 2C-series psychedelic phenethylamine carrying a methyl group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ring.
2C-E is one of the more potent and intense members of the 2C family, bearing an ethyl group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxypheneth...
2C-T is the parent of the 2C-T sulfur-containing subfamily, bearing a methylthio group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylami...
2C-T-2 is a sulfur-containing member of the 2C-T subfamily of psychedelic phenethylamines, bearing an ethylthio group at the 4 position o...
4-AcO-DiPT (4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-DiPT and a member of the diisopropy...
4-AcO-DMT (4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilacetin, O-acetylpsilocin) is a semisynthetic tryptamine and the acetate ester of psiloci...
4-AcO-MET (4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-MET and an asymmetric N-alkyl varia...
4-MeO-PCP (4-methoxyphencyclidine) is a methoxy-substituted analog of phencyclidine presumed to act as an NMDA-receptor antagonist, and i...
5-MAPB (N-methyl-5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is the N-methyl homolog of 5-APB, standing in the same relationship to it as MDMA does to MDA.
5-MeO-MiPT (5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine), nicknamed "Moxy," is a synthetic tryptamine carrying a 5-methoxy group with methyl...
Adatanserin is an azapirone-like compound developed by Wyeth (as WY-50324) as a combined anxiolytic and antidepressant.
CODE-NAMEDButylone (beta-keto-MBDB, or bk-MBDB) is a methylenedioxy-substituted synthetic cathinone belonging to the entactogenic subgroup that als...
Dopamantine is an obscure dopamine prodrug: dopamine linked through an amide bond to a lipophilic adamantane (fat-soluble cage) group.
N,N-Dipropyltryptamine (DPT) is a synthetic tryptamine, the dipropyl homolog of DMT, that has been used both recreationally and, historic...
ETH-CAT (N-ethylcathinone, ethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone and the N-ethyl homologue of cathinone, closely related to methcathinone.
ETH-LAD (6-ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide) is a lysergamide psychedelic and close structural analogue of LSD in which the N-6 met...
Ethylone is the beta-keto analog of MDEA and the N-ethyl homolog of methylone, sometimes designated bk-MDEA, belonging to the methylenedi...
GSK1034702 is a GlaxoSmithKline benzimidazolone marketed in the literature as an M1 allosteric agonist;
Istradefylline is a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist used as an add-on to levodopa-based therapy in adults with Parkinson's di...
CODE-NAMEDMDEA (MDE, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, "Eve") is the N-ethyl homologue of MDMA and a ring-substituted amphetamine that produce...
Orphenadrine is an anticholinergic agent used as a skeletal muscle relaxant and, historically, in the management of Parkinsonism.
Pentedrone is a synthetic cathinone stimulant structurally related to methcathinone but bearing an extended propyl side chain.
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether (MOM-Salvinorin B) is a semi-synthetic analog of salvinorin A, the active diterpene of the plant Salvia...
Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) is a synthetic anticholinergic prescribed mainly for Parkinson's disease symptoms and for antipsychotic-induced...
VU0467154 is a preclinical positive allosteric modulator of the M4 muscarinic receptor, built at Vanderbilt as an in vivo tool compound,...
2C-P is among the most potent and longest-lasting members of the 2C family, carrying a propyl group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethox...
3-HO-PCP (3-hydroxyphencyclidine) is a hydroxylated analog of phencyclidine that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist and, unusually for a...
4-Methylpregabalin is an investigational gabapentinoid (an alpha2delta calcium-channel ligand) and a close structural analog of pregabali...
alpha-conotoxin mii is a cone-snail peptide toxin and the foundational research probe for alpha6-containing nicotinic receptors;
Cerebroprotein hydrolysate is a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids extracted from porcine brain tissue and use...
CF3CN is a laboratory code for an optimised replacement for 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, redesigned to resist the metabolism that destroys the p...
Clorgyline (also spelled clorgiline) is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks dow...
Ginkgolide B is a diterpene lactone, one of the terpene trilactones found in the leaves and roots of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba).
CODE-NAMEDHericenone C is an aromatic fatty-acid ester isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus and one of the classic small-molecule...
Hericenone D is an aromatic fatty-acid ester from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus, one of the original nerve growth factor-induci...
Hexedrone is a stimulant synthetic cathinone belonging to the same reuptake-inhibiting series as pentedrone, distinguished by its longer...
JJC8-091 is an investigational atypical dopamine-transporter inhibitor derived from modafinil, developed as a candidate treatment for psy...
Levoamphetamine is the other half of Adderall.
LSZ ((2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide) is a lysergamide psychedelic in which the diethylamide of LSD is constrained within a...
MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) is a conformationally constrained entactogen in which the amphetamine side chain is locked into a...
Mexedrone (3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one) is an alpha-methoxy analog of mephedrone marketed as a legal success...
MiPT (N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine structurally related to DMT, bearing methyl and isopropyl groups on the t...
MXiPr (methoxisopropamine) is a 1,2-diarylethylamine dissociative belonging to the same chemical family as diphenidine, methoxphenidine,...
PF-06827443 is a Pfizer M1-selective positive allosteric modulator designed to test whether M1 modulation without agonist activity could...
Telenzepine is a thienobenzodiazepine analogue of pirenzepine with the same M1 preference and far more potency;
Ulotaront (development code SEP-363856) is an investigational antipsychotic built around a genuinely new mechanism.
CODE-NAMEDZZL-7 is a small dipeptide, acetyl-L-alanyl-L-valine methyl ester, designed to bind the PDZ domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and...
2C-H is the 4-unsubstituted parent of the 2C family, in which the 4-position is occupied only by hydrogen.
4-AcO-DET (4-acetoxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-DET and the diethyl homolog of psilacetin.
4-HO-MiPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine;
6-APDB (6-(2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) is the dihydrobenzofuran analogue of 6-APB, in which the furan ring is partially saturat...
AF710B, also known as ANAVEX 3-71 (later ANAVEX3-71), is an experimental small-molecule drug that acts as a selective allosteric agonist...
Demoxytocin, also known as desamino-oxytocin or deaminooxytocin, is a synthetic analogue of the hormone oxytocin.
N,N-Diethyltryptamine (DET) is a synthetic homolog of DMT in which the two N-methyl groups are replaced by ethyl groups.
N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT) is a synthetic tryptamine distinguished among psychedelics by predominantly auditory rather than visual...
Ibudilast (MN-166, Ketas) is a brain-penetrant, multi-target neuroimmune modulator that stands apart from the pure PDE4 crowd.
JAPANL-Clausenamide, or (-)-clausenamide, is a pyrrolidinone alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Clausena lansium (wampee) and studied in Chi...
LM22B-10 is a small molecule reported to activate both TrkB and TrkC, the receptors for BDNF and neurotrophin-3, from the same laboratory...
Meclofenoxate, also known as centrophenoxine, is a nootropic compound classified as a cholinergic agent, made by combining dimethylethano...
Mesembrine is an alkaloid found chiefly in Sceletium tortuosum, a succulent plant of southern Africa traditionally known as kanna.
Mitochonic Acid 5 (MA-5) is a synthetic indole-3-acetic acid derivative that boosts cellular ATP production through a mechanism independe...
MPT (N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine) is an obscure synthetic tryptamine carrying a methyl and a propyl group on the terminal amine, structur...
N-Ethylhexedrone, commonly sold as Hexen, is a synthetic cathinone stimulant within the broad family of substituted cathinone new psychoa...
Norbinaltorphimine, commonly abbreviated nor-BNI, is a selective antagonist of the kappa-opioid receptor used almost exclusively as a res...
O-PCE (eticyclidone, 2-oxo-PCE) is a ketone-bearing arylcyclohexylamine of the eticyclidine family, structurally related to deschloroketa...
Tetramethoxyluteolin, also called methoxyluteolin, is a synthetic methylated derivative of the natural flavonoid luteolin, in which luteo...
Tisolagiline is an investigational, potent and highly selective reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), studied m...
TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine) is one of the positional isomers of the mescaline-related trimethoxyamphetamine series.
Usmarapride is an experimental small-molecule drug that acts as a selective partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor.
Vinburnine, also known as eburnamonine, is an indole alkaloid of the eburnamine-vincamine family, related to vincamine and found in plant...
Vincamine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid obtained mainly from the leaves of the lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor).
2C-T-21 is an obscure sulfur-containing member of the 2C-T subfamily, carrying a 2-fluoroethylthio group at the 4 position of the 2,5-dim...
3-HO-PCE (3-hydroxyeticyclidine) is an arylcyclohexylamine of the eticyclidine (PCE) family that produces dissociative, hallucinogenic, a...
3-MeO-PCMo (4-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]morpholine) is a morpholine-ring arylcyclohexylamine related to 3-MeO-PCP and the wider phen...
4-AcO-MiPT (4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-MiPT and a close analog of psi...
4-HO-DET (4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, ethocin, CEY-19) is a synthetic tryptamine, the diethyl homolog of psilocin first investigated...
CODE-NAMED4-HO-DPT (4-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the di-n-propyl homolog of psilocin.
522-054 is a laboratory research compound built in Kelvin Gee's group at the University of California, Irvine to do two opposite things t...
alpha-conotoxin pia is a cone-snail (conus purpurascens) peptide toxin and the first ligand able to cleanly discriminate alpha6- from alp...
alpha-conotoxin txib is a conus textile peptide toxin and one of the most selective alpha6/alpha3beta2beta3 nicotinic antagonists known (...
Amfonelic acid (AFA, WIN 25978) is a synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine carboxylic acid structurally derived from the antibacterial scaffold of...
CODE-NAMEDCorallocin A is an isoindolinone natural product first isolated from the coral tooth mushroom Hericium coralloides and subsequently found...
Corallocin B is a benzofuranone natural product isolated from the mushroom Hericium coralloides alongside corallocins A and C.
D-Cycloserine is a small molecule that acts as a partial agonist at the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDA glutamate receptor, and it is...
alpha-dihydroergocryptine (almirid/cripar) is a hydrogenated ergot-alkaloid dopamine agonist used for parkinson's disease;
CODE-NAMEDEdaravone (MCI-186) is a small-molecule free-radical scavenger;
CODE-NAMEDErinacine P is a cyathane diterpenoid isolated from liquid cultures of Hericium erinaceus and is best understood as a biosynthetic precur...
Fosigotifator (ABBV-CLS-7262) is an orally bioavailable small-molecule activator of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) d...
CODE-NAMEDHericene A is a hydrophobic hericerin-derived isoindoline compound from Hericium erinaceus that activates a pan-neurotrophic signaling pa...
HXE, also called hydroxetamine, is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative structurally related to ketamine and deschloroketamine.
Hyperforin is a prenylated phloroglucinol compound produced by St.
MiPLA (N-methyl-N-isopropyl lysergamide) is a close structural analog of LSD in which one of the two amide N-ethyl groups is replaced by...
Neboglamine (also called nebostinel, development code CR-2249) is an investigational compound that acts as a positive modulator of the gl...
CODE-NAMEDOlesoxime (TRO19622) is an orally active, brain-penetrant cholesterol-oxime developed as a mitochondrial-targeted neuroprotectant.
CODE-NAMEDPF-04995274 is a selective, brain-penetrant 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist originally developed by Pfizer that has become the leading cli...
Phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH) is a metabolite of the antidepressant phenelzine and a research compound in its own right.
Piclamilast (RP-73401) is a highly potent, subnanomolar pan-PDE4 inhibitor used mainly as a pharmacological reference tool and high-affin...
CODE-NAMEDProscaline (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenethylamine) is a scaline, a homolog of the classic phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline in which t...
T-588 came out of Toyama Chemical in Japan as a multi-target cognitive enhancer built for the vascular-dementia and post-stroke cognitive...
JAPANTabernanthalog (TBG) is a synthetic analogue of the plant alkaloid ibogaine, engineered to be water-soluble and, according to its develop...
TMA-6 (2,4,6-trimethoxyamphetamine) is another isomer of the trimethoxyamphetamine series, distinguished by its symmetric arrangement of...
Trofinetide is a synthetic analog of the neuroprotective tripeptide glycine-proline-glutamate, the N-terminal fragment of insulin like gr...
CODE-NAMEDVatiquinone (EPI-743) is an orally bioavailable para-benzoquinone derived from alpha-tocotrienol, developed as a mitochondrial-protective...
CODE-NAMED2-Aminoindane (2-AI) is a rigid, ring-locked analog of amphetamine in which the side chain is fused into an indane ring.
2-FA (2-fluoroamphetamine) is a fluorinated analog of amphetamine and a fairly clean, functional stimulant that boosts energy, focus and...
2-FEA (2-fluoroethamphetamine) is the N-ethyl analog of 2-FA and a fluorinated stimulant in the amphetamine family.
2-FMA is methamphetamine with a fluorine added at the ortho (2) position of the ring.
2M2B (2-methyl-2-butanol) is a tertiary alcohol with sedative, alcohol-like effects;
3-FA is amphetamine with a fluorine at the meta (3) position of the ring.
CODE-NAMED3-FEA is the N-ethyl version of 3-fluoroamphetamine, meaning it has an ethyl group on the nitrogen and a fluorine at the meta position of...
3-FMA is methamphetamine with a fluorine at the meta (3) position of the ring.
3-FPM is a fluorinated analog of phenmetrazine, an older appetite-suppressant stimulant built on a morpholine ring rather than a simple a...
CODE-NAMED3,4-CTMP is a methylphenidate analog carrying two chlorine atoms on the phenyl ring, which makes it far more potent than methylphenidate...
4-FA is amphetamine with a fluorine at the para (4) position of the ring, which shifts its character toward a hybrid of stimulant and mil...
4-FMA is methamphetamine with a fluorine at the para (4) position of the ring.
4-HO-EPT (4-hydroxy-N-ethyl-N-propyltryptamine) is a rare synthetic tryptamine bearing ethyl and propyl groups on the side chain, structu...
4F-EPH combines two tweaks to methylphenidate at once: an ethyl ester in place of the methyl ester and a fluorine on the para position of...
4F-MPH is methylphenidate with a fluorine added to the para position of the phenyl ring.
7-Hydroxymitragynine is a minor alkaloid of the kratom plant and an active metabolite of mitragynine, and it is the main driver of kratom...
8-Chlorotheophylline is a xanthine stimulant closely related to caffeine and theophylline.
Adamantyl carbonyl proline is an obscure synthetic compound that links a rigid adamantane cage to the amino acid proline through a carbon...
Aleph-1 is the compound that started Alexander Shulgin's Aleph series, and it is a single-atom idea: take TMA-2, the 2,4,5-trimethoxy amp...
Aloracetam is an experimental nootropic compound that was investigated as a potential treatment for cognitive impairment, most notably Al...
Ciproxifan never had a pharma sponsor chasing an indication;
Clonazolam is a designer (research-chemical) benzodiazepine that is extremely potent, active in tiny amounts.
Deschloroetizolam is a designer thienodiazepine, the deschloro analog of etizolam (the same drug family, with a chlorine atom removed).
Desomorphine is a potent semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine, notorious in its crude homemade form 'krokodil'.
Desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP) is a piperidine-based stimulant closely related to pipradrol and methylphenidate.
Dichloropane (RTI-111) is a phenyltropane, part of the same research family as cocaine but built to be more potent and longer-lasting.
CODE-NAMEDDiclazepam is a designer benzodiazepine closely related to diazepam (Valium), essentially a chlorinated version of it.
dihydroergocristine is a hydrogenated ergot alkaloid;
CODE-NAMEDDoliracetam is an obscure synthetic compound of the racetam family, a group of acetamide-based substances studied for possible effects on...
Dupracetam is an experimental nootropic of the racetam (pyrrolidinone) family, structurally related to piracetam.
Escaline is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, corresponding to mescaline with an ethoxy group replacin...
Ethylmorphine (Dionine) is a mild opioid closely related to codeine, an ethyl ether of morphine used historically as a cough suppressant...
Ethylphenidate is a close analog of methylphenidate that swaps the methyl ester for an ethyl ester;
Fencamfamine is a norbornane-derived CNS stimulant that was once marketed (as Reactivan) for fatigue, low mood, and convalescence.
Fenethylline is a prodrug that links an amphetamine molecule to theophylline (a caffeine-like xanthine).
Fenozolone is an oxazoline CNS stimulant closely related to pemoline and aminorex, formerly used as a mood-lifting and anti-fatigue agent.
Flualprazolam is a designer benzodiazepine, a fluorinated analog of alprazolam (Xanax) that is more potent than its parent.
Flubromazepam is a designer benzodiazepine notable for an extremely long duration;
Flubromazolam is a designer benzodiazepine and one of the most potent known, active in extraordinarily small amounts.
Flunitrazolam is a designer benzodiazepine, a triazolo analog of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) that is extremely potent, active in tiny amounts.
Gepirone spent more than two decades in regulatory purgatory before it ever reached a pharmacy shelf, and its story is really about how b...
Lisuride is an ergoline (ergot-derived) drug that acts as a dopamine D2-like receptor agonist while also blocking the 5-HT2B serotonin re...
MCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) is a piperazine compound best known as a metabolite of the antidepressant trazodone and as a common ad...
MET (N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine closely related to DMT, bearing one methyl and one ethyl substituent on the te...
Metergoline is an ergoline (an ergot-derived compound) that works mainly as a potent antagonist at serotonin receptors, blocking both 5-H...
Methallylescaline (MAL) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, bearing a methallyloxy group at the 4 pos...
Methiopropamine (MPA) is a thiophene-ring analog of methamphetamine, meaning the benzene ring is swapped for a sulfur-containing thiophen...
Methylnaphthidate is a methylphenidate analog in which the phenyl ring is replaced by a larger naphthalene (two fused rings).
CODE-NAMEDMetizolam is a thienodiazepine (a benzodiazepine-type molecule where one benzene ring is swapped for a thiophene ring) sold as a research...
Nifoxipam is a designer benzodiazepine structurally related to flunitrazepam (Rohypnol);
NM-2-AI is the N-methyl version of 2-aminoindane, the same ring-locked amphetamine analog with a methyl group added to the nitrogen.
p-Fluoro-Deprenyl is a para-fluoro analog of selegiline (deprenyl), a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B, an enzyme that b...
Pentobarbital is a short-to-intermediate-acting barbiturate historically used as a sedative, hypnotic, and anesthetic, and today for uses...
Pethidine (also called meperidine, brand name Demerol) is a synthetic opioid used for moderate to severe pain, though it has fallen out o...
Prolintane is a pyrrolidine stimulant that was sold decades ago in combination tonics and "pep" products, often paired with a vitamin.
Pyrazolam is a designer triazolobenzodiazepine (a benzodiazepine with a fused triazole ring, structurally akin to alprazolam) sold as a r...
Secobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that was once a common sleeping pill and sedative, sold under the name Seconal.
A Takeda M1 positive allosteric modulator built deliberately weak at amplifying acetylcholine, made to test whether a low cooperativity c...
JAPANA Takeda M1 positive allosteric modulator aimed at constipation rather than cognition;
JAPANU-47700 is a potent synthetic opioid originally developed in research decades ago and later sold as a designer drug.
6-Ketoprogesterone (systematic name pregn-4-ene-3,6,20-trione) is a synthetic oxidised derivative and minor oxidative metabolite of proge...
JAPANHydroxydione is a synthetic pregnane neuroactive steroid that, introduced by Pfizer in 1955 under the trade name Viadril (also Presuren),...
CODE-NAMEDN-Ethyl-Cypenamine is the N-ethyl analogue of cypenamine, 2-phenylcyclopentan-1-amine, a psychostimulant patented by the William S.
LOST LITERATUREEstratetraenol (estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol) is an endogenous estrane steroid (a C18 steroid built on the same carbon skeleton as the...
DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), historically distributed as STP, is a potent, long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx fam...
Minaxolone is a synthetic water-soluble aminosteroid (a steroid carrying a basic amino group) developed by Glaxo in the late 1970s as an...
CODE-NAMEDAlfaxalone (also spelled alphaxalone) is a synthetic neuroactive steroid of the pregnane class that produces general anesthesia by acting...
CODE-NAMEDPMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) is a ring-methoxylated amphetamine that acts as a potent serotonin releaser with additional monoamine oxida...
Arecaidine is the carboxylic acid sitting one hydrolysis step away from arecoline, the alkaloid that makes areca nut a stimulant.
Aleph-1 is the compound that started Alexander Shulgin's Aleph series, and it is a single-atom idea: take TMA-2, the 2,4,5-trimethoxy amp...
Phenazepam was developed jointly by Odessa University and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, first synthesized in 1975 and adopted int...
SOVIETAn investigational phenethylamine studied briefly in the early 1970s as a possible antidepressant.
LOST LITERATUREAlpertine is an experimental antipsychotic from the pertine group of compounds (alongside oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine) that...
LOST LITERATUREAzipramine, also known by the code TQ-86, is a tetracyclic antidepressant that was synthesized and tested in animals in 1976 but never re...
LOST LITERATUREWAY-100635 is the molecule that a very large part of what is known about the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was measured with.
CODE-NAMEDBifemelane (brand names Alnert and Celeport;
JAPANCebaracetam is an experimental nootropic drug of the racetam family that was studied during the 1990s as a candidate treatment for cognit...
Gepirone spent more than two decades in regulatory purgatory before it ever reached a pharmacy shelf, and its story is really about how b...
Metrifonate has one of the stranger backstories in Alzheimer's drug history;
Tacrine earns its spot in this archive on historical weight rather than obscurity;
Tandospirone is a case of a drug that succeeded, just never where most of the archive's audience would notice;
JAPANEmapunil (developmental codes XBD-173 and AC-5216) is an investigational anxiolytic that acts as a selective, high-affinity agonist of th...
CODE-NAMEDTalsaclidine is a functionally M1-preferring muscarinic agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for Alzheimer's disease;
CODE-NAMEDLY392098 was an early entry in Eli Lilly's biarylpropylsulfonamide AMPA potentiator series, and it did double duty in the company's resea...
CODE-NAMEDLY404187 was one of the most potent compounds to come out of Eli Lilly's early-2000s AMPA receptor potentiator program, a biarylpropylsul...
CODE-NAMEDMesocarb, marketed in the Soviet Union as Sydnocarb, was synthesized in the early 1970s as a stimulant with a smoother pharmacological pr...
SOVIETAdrogolide is a water-soluble prodrug that rapidly converts in plasma to A-86929, a highly selective full agonist at dopamine D1 receptors.
CODE-NAMEDAptiganel (originally CNS-1102, later tested under the name Cerestat) was one of the most closely watched NMDA-antagonist neuroprotectant...
CODE-NAMEDDeramciclane came out of EGIS Pharmaceuticals in Hungary as a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic working through 5-HT2A/2C receptors instead o...
SOVIETMK-0777 was a Merck compound built to be a benzodiazepine-like drug without the sedation;
CODE-NAMEDNelivaptan chased a genuinely novel idea in psychiatry, blocking the vasopressin V1b receptor instead of tuning serotonin or GABA, on the...
CODE-NAMEDOrg 25935 was Organon's (later Merck, after the 2009 Schering-Plough/Organon merger) entry into the glycine reuptake inhibitor race, arri...
CODE-NAMEDRobalzotan was AstraZeneca's attempt to flip the SSRI script;
CODE-NAMEDSB-649868 was GlaxoSmithKline's entry in the dual orexin receptor antagonist race that eventually produced approved drugs like suvorexant;
CODE-NAMEDTalampanel began life at Eli Lilly as LY300164 before the company licensed the compound to Hungary's IVAX Drug Research Institute in Febr...
SOVIETTraxoprodil (CP-101,606) started life at Pfizer in the 1990s as a stroke and traumatic-brain-injury neuroprotectant, built around a then-...
CODE-NAMEDAmibegron approached depression and anxiety from a genuinely unusual angle, agonizing the atypical beta-3 adrenergic receptor rather than...
CODE-NAMEDBifeprunox was Solvay Pharmaceuticals' and Wyeth's answer to aripiprazole: a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist paired with 5-HT1A part...
CODE-NAMEDNGX267 started life at Neurogen Corporation and was carried forward by TorreyPines Therapeutics in the mid-to-late 2000s as a dual M1/M4...
CODE-NAMEDVabicaserin was Wyeth's, and later Pfizer's (after the 2009 acquisition), selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist built on a completely differe...
CODE-NAMEDAdarigiline is an investigational monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor first described in a 2009 patent assigned to Helicon Therapeutics.
Elzasonan was Pfizer's bet on serotonin autoreceptor blockade as an SSRI booster;
CODE-NAMEDAllopregnanolone (chemically 3-alpha-hydroxy-5-alpha-pregnan-20-one, also known as 3-alpha,5-alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone or 3-alpha,5-al...
CODE-NAMEDGanaxolone (research code CCD-1042;
CODE-NAMEDDalzanemdor (SAGE-718) is a first-in-class, orally administered synthetic neuroactive steroid developed by Sage Therapeutics that acts as...
CODE-NAMEDRapastinel (originally GLYX-13) is a tiny four-amino-acid peptide (Thr-Pro-Pro-Thr with an amidated tail) that acts as a functional parti...
CODE-NAMEDOveporexton (TAK-861), approved by the FDA on 5 August 2026 as Orzeyful;
CODE-NAMEDTetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP) is a naturally occurring phytocannabinoid that shares the core structure of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)...
A 65 residue green mamba toxin used as the standard M4-preferring muscarinic antagonist, with the significant caveat that it binds severa...
BIA 10-2474 is an investigational, orally active fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor developed by the Portuguese pharmaceutical c...
CODE-NAMEDLSZ ((2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide) is a lysergamide psychedelic in which the diethylamide of LSD is constrained within a...
Balipodect (TAK-063) is a selective phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor developed by Takeda as a potential antipsychotic for schizop...
JAPANZZL-7 is a small dipeptide, acetyl-L-alanyl-L-valine methyl ester, designed to bind the PDZ domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and...
A selective M1 partial agonist from Heptares that improved memory and attention in healthy volunteers and Alzheimer's patients, and was h...
Ispronicline traces its chemistry back to nicotine research originally funded by tobacco company R.J.
CODE-NAMEDTisolagiline is an investigational, potent and highly selective reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), studied m...
CAD-31 is a preclinical Alzheimer's candidate from the Salk Institute, selected for its ability to make neural precursor cells divide and...
CODE-NAMEDCerlapirdine was Pfizer's 2010s-era entry into the crowded field of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists chasing Alzheimer's disease, following the...
CODE-NAMEDA selective M4 positive allosteric modulator built at Pfizer and carried into schizophrenia trials by Cerevel and then AbbVie, whose phas...
CODE-NAMEDIntepirdine is a selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist originally discovered at GlaxoSmithKline as SB-742457 and later licensed t...
CODE-NAMEDPiclamilast (RP-73401) is a highly potent, subnanomolar pan-PDE4 inhibitor used mainly as a pharmacological reference tool and high-affin...
CODE-NAMEDR7 is a 7,8-dihydroxyflavone derivative that appears in research-chemical channels as a prodrug of that compound.
ABT-126 was AbbVie's (formerly Abbott's) selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, developed for both cognitive impairme...
CODE-NAMEDactelion's dual orexin receptor antagonist and the first DORA to reach late clinical trials for insomnia;
CODE-NAMEDATH-1105 is an oral small molecule being developed for ALS, from the same company as fosgonimeton and on the same claimed mechanism of po...
CODE-NAMEDEsmethadone is the dextro-isomer of methadone, the mirror-image molecule of the opioid used in addiction maintenance therapy, except it b...
CODE-NAMEDLanicemine (AZD6765) was built on a simple idea: if ketamine's antidepressant effect comes from blocking NMDA receptors, maybe a low-trap...
CODE-NAMEDS-18986 was French pharmaceutical company Servier's entry into the ampakine race, developed through the 2000s as a cognitive enhancer aim...
LOST LITERATUREApimostinel (NRX-1074) is the understudy in the rapastinel story: developed by the same company, Naurex, using the same core idea of gent...
CODE-NAMEDAVN-322 is an investigational, highly selective 5-HT6 serotonin receptor antagonist developed by Avineuro Pharmaceuticals as a potential...
CODE-NAMEDBitopertin was Roche's flagship glycine reuptake inhibitor and, for a while, the most closely watched drug in the whole NMDA-hypofunction...
CODE-NAMEDDecoglurant took a different route into the same glutamate story that ketamine made famous: instead of blocking the NMDA receptor directl...
ENT-A011 is a synthetic derivative of DHEA reported to activate the TrkB receptor, the target of BDNF, without touching the related TrkA...
MIJ821 (onfasprodil) is Novartis's entry into the decades-long line of GluN2B (NR2B)-selective NMDA drugs that runs back through eliprodi...
CODE-NAMEDRoluperidone (MIN-101) is Minerva Neurosciences' attempt at an antipsychotic that deliberately avoids dopamine D2 blockade, the mechanism...
CODE-NAMEDPF-04958242 was Pfizer's AMPA receptor potentiator, and unusually for this drug class it actually cleared a real human test: in a 2017 st...
CODE-NAMEDRoche researchers built RO5203648 as one of the first selective, potent partial agonists at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)...
ORPHANIntranasal insulin is an experimental way of giving insulin as a nasal spray so that it reaches the brain directly, largely bypassing the...
Renanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione) is a synthetic pregnane steroid that was investigated as an intravenous general an...
CODE-NAMED3α-Androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) is an endogenous neurosteroid formed as the terminal 3α-reduced metabolite of dihydrotestos...
Androsterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one) is an endogenous androstane neurosteroid (a steroid synthesized or acting within the nervou...
Allotetrahydrocorticosterone (3α,5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone, or allo-THB) is an endogenous neurosteroid generated by sequential 5α-reduc...
Epiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one;
CODE-NAMEDPregnenolone sulfate (PregS) is an endogenous excitatory neurosteroid (a steroid synthesized in and acting upon the nervous system) forme...
CODE-NAMEDEtiracetam is a synthetic compound of the racetam family and a close relative of piracetam.
THDOC (3-alpha,5-alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone) is an endogenous neurosteroid (a steroid that acts rapidly on neuronal membrane rec...
CODE-NAMEDAndrostadienone (androsta-4,16-dien-3-one) is an endogenous volatile C19 16-androstene steroid found in male axillary sweat, semen, saliv...
Epipregnanolone (3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one) is an endogenous neurosteroid and the fourth stereoisomer of tetrahydroprogesterone,...
CODE-NAMEDWAY-200070 is a synthetic nonsteroidal agonist of estrogen receptor beta, made at Wyeth as one of a series designed to tell the two estro...
CODE-NAMED5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) is an endogenous neurosteroid and progestogen formed when the enzyme 5α-reductase reduces progesterone at...
CODE-NAMEDAndrostenone (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) is an endogenous 16-androstene steroid and the archetypal mammalian putative pheromone, best kn...
Sepranolone (isoallopregnanolone;
CODE-NAMED24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (historically named cerebrosterol) is an endogenous oxysterol (an oxygenated derivative of cholesterol) generate...
Etiocholanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one) is an endogenous androstane neurosteroid formed as a major hepatic metabolite of testost...
CODE-NAMEDFasedienol (developmental code PH94B;
Org 21465 (also written ORG-21465) is a water-soluble aminosteroid intravenous anaesthetic developed by Organon in the 1990s as a compani...
REDISCOVEREDN-Acetyl Semax is an acetylated analog of Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro that is based on...
SOVIETOrg 20599 is a synthetic water-soluble aminosteroid general anaesthetic developed by Organon in the 1990s as a member of the 2-beta-morph...
CODE-NAMEDViloxazine, sold as extended-release Qelbree, is a non-stimulant ADHD medication approved for children, adolescents, and adults.
CODE-NAMEDD-serine is the D-enantiomer of the amino acid serine and acts as a signaling molecule in the brain, where it serves as a co-agonist at t...
Androstadienol (androsta-5,16-dien-3β-ol) is an endogenous C19 (nineteen-carbon) delta-5,16 steroid alcohol that functions as the committ...
Androstenol (5-alpha-androst-16-en-3-alpha-ol, with a 3-beta epimer) is an endogenous 16-androstene steroid (a C19 steroid that lacks the...
Deoxycorticosterone (11-deoxycorticosterone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone;
Homotaurine, chemically 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3APS), is a small aminosulfonic acid that occurs naturally in certain marine red...
CODE-NAMEDItruvone (development code PH-10, also written PH10) is an investigational synthetic neuroactive steroid of the pherine class being studi...
CODE-NAMEDSAGE-324 (also designated BIIB124) is an investigational, orally bioavailable synthetic neuroactive steroid that acts as a positive allos...
CODE-NAMEDMAP4343 (3β-methoxypregnenolone) is a synthetic derivative of the endogenous neurosteroid pregnenolone in which the 3β-hydroxyl group is...
CODE-NAMEDOleamide (cis-9,10-octadecenoamide) is an endogenous fatty acid primary amide, the simple amide of oleic acid, and the prototypical membe...
3-MeO-PCP (3-methoxyphencyclidine) is a dissociative new psychoactive substance of the arylcyclohexylamine (phencyclidine) class.
Aticaprant is a selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist that has traveled under several names over the years: JNJ-67953964, CERC...
CODE-NAMEDHemantane is a Russian aminoadamantane (a cage-shaped adamantane molecule carrying an amine group, the same chemical family as amantadine...
SOVIETMDMB-4en-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid, an indazole carboxamide sold sprayed onto plant material and into vape liquid.
Pemoline is an oxazoline-class CNS stimulant that was used for decades for ADHD and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy, sold most famously a...
Pindolol is an old non-selective beta-blocker (a blood-pressure and angina drug) that happens to also bind serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, wh...
CODE-NAMED2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK, 2F-DCK) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and a fluorinated analog of ketamine in which the aroma...
25I-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-I and the best-known member of the NBOMe family, sometimes sold on blotter paper as...
Fenfluramine is a substituted amphetamine that promotes synaptic serotonin release and, distinctively among antiseizure medicines, also a...
Indeloxazine was developed and marketed in Japan from the late 1980s, under brand names including Elen and Noin, as a dual serotonin/nore...
JAPANN-Acetyl Selank is an acetylated analog of Selank, a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro that is derived...
SOVIETA-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone), circulated recreationally as "flakka", is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone structurally related...
Bromo-DragonFLY is a benzodifuran psychedelic, a conformationally rigid analog of DOB in which the phenethylamine is locked into a winged...
Cutamesine (SA4503) is a selective agonist of the sigma-1 receptor, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein that modulates calcium sig...
CODE-NAMEDDOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) is a potent, long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family bearing an iodine substituent at...
URB597, also known as KDS-4103, is a potent and selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that breaks down the...
CODE-NAMEDMethcathinone (ephedrone) is the beta-keto analog of methamphetamine and the N-methyl derivative of cathinone.
Methoxetamine (MXE) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative developed as a ketamine analog and widely sold as a research chemical before i...
Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone, bk-MDMA) is the beta-keto analog of MDMA and a synthetic cathinone once sold in "bath salts"...
The fungal alkaloid that muscarinic receptors are named after;
Nle1-Angiotensin IV is a six-amino-acid peptide, angiotensin IV with its first residue swapped for norleucine.
25B-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-B and one of the more potent members of the NBOMe family of hallucinogens.
CODE-NAMED25C-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-C and one of the most frequently encountered members of the NBOMe family.
CODE-NAMED2C-B (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a phenethylamine psychedelic first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin that occupies a pharmac...
Davunetide (NAP;
CODE-NAMEDDeschloroketamine (DCK) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and a ketamine analogue in which the aromatic chlorine of ketamine is remo...
Elunetirom (ABX-002) is an investigational thyromimetic prodrug designed to deliver selective thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR-beta) act...
CODE-NAMEDHarmine is a beta-carboline alkaloid found in the vine Banisteriopsis caapi and in Peganum harmala (Syrian rue), and it is one of the har...
HNG is a synthetic potency-boosted analog of humanin, a 24-amino-acid peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA.
CODE-NAMEDMIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), also called melanostatin, is a small endogenous tripeptide made in the body.
Milameline was Parke-Davis and Roussel-Uclaf's shot at treating Alzheimer's disease by stimulating muscarinic receptors directly instead...
CODE-NAMEDA 65 residue three-finger protein from green mamba venom that blocks the M1 muscarinic receptor from an allosteric site;
Sabcomeline was SmithKline Beecham's most clinically advanced muscarinic-agonist candidate for Alzheimer's disease, marketed in developme...
CODE-NAMEDTAK-071 is Takeda's M1 muscarinic positive allosteric modulator, built around a deliberately low cooperativity value on the finding that...
JAPAN1cP-LSD (1-cyclopropanoyl-LSD) is a widely distributed lysergamide bearing a cyclopropylcarbonyl group on the indole nitrogen of LSD.
1P-LSD (1-propionyl-LSD) is a semisynthetic lysergamide and one of the most widely distributed LSD prodrugs, differing from LSD only by a...
CODE-NAMED5-MeO-DALT (5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine bearing two allyl groups and a 5-methoxy substituent, first prepar...
5-MeO-DiPT (5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine), popularly called "Foxy," is a synthetic tryptamine combining a 5-methoxy group with two...
Alvameline was Lundbeck's attempt at a smarter cholinergic drug for Alzheimer's disease.
CODE-NAMEDDHED (10-beta,17-beta-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one) is an experimental bioprecursor prodrug of the estrogen 17-beta-estradiol that is in...
CODE-NAMEDDOB (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a potent, very long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family, bearing a bromine at the...
Harmaline is a beta-carboline alkaloid closely related to harmine, differing by being partly reduced (dihydro) on the pyridine ring, and...
PRO-LAD is a lysergamide analog of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in which one of the N,N-diethyl substituents is replaced by an n-prop...
Salvia divinorum is a psychoactive member of the mint family, traditionally used by the Mazatec people of Oaxaca, Mexico in divinatory an...
SBT-272, given the international nonproprietary name bevemipretide, is a mitochondria-targeted peptidomimetic from Stealth BioTherapeutic...
CODE-NAMEDVU0486846 is an experimental M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator (an "M1 PAM";
(2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine is a downstream metabolite of ketamine, and it is the compound at the centre of the most interesting open ques...
1B-LSD (1-butyryl-LSD) is a semisynthetic lysergamide bearing a four-carbon butyryl group on the indole nitrogen of lysergic acid diethyl...
1V-LSD (1-valeroyl-LSD), nicknamed "Valerie," is an N1-acylated lysergamide that can be regarded as a higher homolog of ALD-52, 1P-LSD, a...
JAPAN25B-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of the phenethylamine 2C-B and a member of the NBOH family of serotonergic hallucinogens.
25I-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-I and one of the most studied members of the NBOH family.
CODE-NAMED25N-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of the psychedelic phenethylamine 2C-N;
CODE-NAMED2C-B-FLY is the tetrahydrobenzodifuran ("FLY") analog of 2C-B, in which the 2- and 5-methoxy groups are locked into fused dihydrofuran ri...
2C-I is a widely encountered 2C-series psychedelic phenethylamine bearing an iodine substituent at the 4-position.
2C-T-7 is a sulfur-containing member of the 2C family of psychedelic phenethylamines, bearing a propylthio group at the 4 position.
5-APB (5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is a benzofuran entactogen closely related to MDA, producing empathogenic, stimulant, and mildly psyc...
5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), also known as mebufotenin, is a fast-acting serotonergic psychedelic found in the venom of...
6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran), sold as "Benzo Fury," is a benzofuran entactogen and positional isomer of 5-APB.
AMT (alpha-methyltryptamine) is an alpha-methylated tryptamine that combines serotonergic psychedelic activity with stimulant properties,...
CODE-NAMEDArketamine is the R-enantiomer of ketamine, the half that was not developed.
CODE-NAMEDBufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a naturally occurring tryptamine and a positional isomer of psilocin, found in the seeds...
Cycloprolylglycine is a small cyclic dipeptide found naturally in brain tissue, and the compound usually named as Noopept's active metabo...
SOVIETImidazenil is an experimental imidazobenzodiazepine that acts as a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine site of GABA-A receptors.
JJC8-088 is a modafinil-derived dopamine transporter blocker synthesised at NIDA that was first published as an atypical, low abuse liabi...
CODE-NAMEDOne of the two original green mamba muscarinic toxins;
P7C3-A20 is the most-used member of the P7C3 family of aminopropyl carbazoles, a series that protects neurons in a striking range of anim...
2,5-DMA (2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a ring-substituted amphetamine and the 4-unsubstituted parent structure of the DOx family of psyche...
3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone, metaphedrone) is a synthetic cathinone and positional isomer of mephedrone that emerged as a replacement af...
7,8,3'-Trihydroxyflavone is a close relative of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone with one extra hydroxyl, reported in the founding work on that compo...
A-PHP (alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone, or alpha-PHP) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone, the one-carbon homologue of the widely abused...
Adafenoxate is a little-known nootropic that is essentially the adamantane version of meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine).
SOVIETAdapromine is a Soviet-era aminoadamantane, a close relative of amantadine and rimantadine that carries a longer (propyl) side chain.
SOVIETAL-LAD (6-allyl-6-nor-LSD) is a lysergamide psychedelic closely related to LSD, differing by replacement of the N6 methyl group with an a...
Ephylone, also known as N-ethylpentylone or N-ethylnorpentylone, is a methylenedioxy-substituted synthetic cathinone that behaves primari...
Ergine, also called d-lysergic acid amide (LSA), is a naturally occurring ergoline alkaloid and the simple amide of lysergic acid.
CODE-NAMEDEthomersol is a benzimidazole actoprotector and antihypoxant (5-ethoxy-2-ethylthio-1H-benzimidazole) developed within the Soviet military...
MILITARYGrayanotoxins are a family of diterpenoid toxins produced by plants of the Ericaceae family, notably certain Rhododendron species, and th...
Irdabisant (CEP-26401) is a potent, highly selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist and inverse agonist developed by Cephalon.
CODE-NAMEDLY2033298 is a preclinical positive allosteric modulator of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor;
MK-7622 is a Merck M1-selective muscarinic positive allosteric modulator that reached a phase 2 Alzheimer's trial as an add-on to acetylc...
CODE-NAMEDMorphodrol is a vendor name for morpholin-3-yl(diphenyl)methanol, also written 3-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)morpholine, CAS 26581-79-3.
Nitromemantine is an experimental, two-in-one derivative of memantine developed largely by Stuart Lipton's group.
CODE-NAMEDNorketamine is the first and largest metabolite of ketamine, made by removing a single methyl group, and unlike most metabolites it is ph...
1cP-MiPLA is a doubly modified lysergamide combining a cyclopropanecarbonyl group on the indole nitrogen with the N-methyl-N-isopropyl am...
25C-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-C and a member of the NBOH class of potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists.
25D-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-D and a member of the potent NBOMe hallucinogen class.
3-MeO-PCE (3-methoxyeticyclidine) is a methoxylated analog of eticyclidine (PCE) in the arylcyclohexylamine class that acts as an NMDA re...
Cathinone (S-(-)-alpha-aminopropiophenone) is the principal psychoactive alkaloid of the khat shrub (Catha edulis), traditionally chewed...
Colivelin is a synthetic 26-amino-acid hybrid peptide built by fusing a short activity-dependent neurotrophic factor fragment (ADNF-9, SA...
CODE-NAMEDDeoxygedunin is a natural product from the Indian neem tree and from andiroba seed oil, a limonoid of the gedunin family.
CODE-NAMEDDimiracetam is a synthetic bicyclic compound of the racetam family, related to the nootropic drug piracetam.
CODE-NAMEDDOC (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a potent, very long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family, bearing a chlorine at th...
Erinacine A is the flagship cyathane diterpenoid produced by the mycelium of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Lion's M...
Hydergine is the trade name for ergoloid mesylates, a mixture of methanesulfonate salts of several hydrogenated ergot alkaloids derived f...
CODE-NAMEDIPAP is a little-studied member of the PPAP/BPAP family of synthetic 'enhancer' compounds that grew out of Jozsef Knoll's work on selegil...
JZL195 is a first-in-class, centrally active dual inhibitor of the two principal endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydr...
CODE-NAMEDLM22A-4 is a rationally designed small-molecule mimetic of the loop-II domain of BDNF that activates the TrkB neurotrophin receptor, disc...
McN-A-343 is a quaternary muscarinic agonist that served for decades as the standard tool for identifying M1-mediated responses, and whic...
NPAP is a little-studied member of the PPAP/BPAP family of synthetic 'enhancer' compounds that came out of Jozsef Knoll's work on selegil...
Opipramol is an anxiolytic and antidepressant medication that is structurally related to the tricyclic antidepressants but has a distinct...
Oxotremorine is a non-selective muscarinic agonist used in the laboratory to produce a reproducible cholinergic syndrome in rodents: trem...
P7C3 is an investigational neuroprotective compound of the aminopropyl carbazole class, studied only in laboratory and animal research.
P7C3-S243 is a single-enantiomer member of the P7C3 series, purified to 99 percent excess rather than used as a mixture.
PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine) is the N-methylated homolog of PMA and shares its hazardous profile as a serotonin releaser with monoa...
Sodium phenylbutyrate is a short-chain fatty acid that wears two hats.
danavorexton (TAK-925);
CODE-NAMEDTHN102 is an investigational drug combination that pairs the wakefulness-promoting agent modafinil with a low dose of flecainide, a compo...
CODE-NAMEDTolibut is a Russian GABA analogue;
SOVIET1cP-AL-LAD is a doubly modified lysergamide carrying a cyclopropanecarbonyl group on the indole nitrogen of AL-LAD (6-allyl-6-nor-LSD), a...
JAPAN1P-ETH-LAD (1-propionyl-ETH-LAD) is a research lysergamide combining two structural modifications of LSD;
2C-C is a member of the 2C series of psychedelic phenethylamines bearing a chlorine substituent at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxyphe...
2C-D is a 2C-series psychedelic phenethylamine carrying a methyl group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ring.
2C-E is one of the more potent and intense members of the 2C family, bearing an ethyl group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxypheneth...
2C-T is the parent of the 2C-T sulfur-containing subfamily, bearing a methylthio group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylami...
2C-T-2 is a sulfur-containing member of the 2C-T subfamily of psychedelic phenethylamines, bearing an ethylthio group at the 4 position o...
4-AcO-DiPT (4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-DiPT and a member of the diisopropy...
4-AcO-DMT (4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, psilacetin, O-acetylpsilocin) is a semisynthetic tryptamine and the acetate ester of psiloci...
4-AcO-MET (4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-MET and an asymmetric N-alkyl varia...
4-HO-DiPT (4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine and the diisopropyl homolog of psilocin.
4-Hydroxyamphetamine is a metabolite of amphetamine that had a second career as a diagnostic eye drop.
4-MeO-PCP (4-methoxyphencyclidine) is a methoxy-substituted analog of phencyclidine presumed to act as an NMDA-receptor antagonist, and i...
5-MAPB (N-methyl-5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is the N-methyl homolog of 5-APB, standing in the same relationship to it as MDMA does to MDA.
5-MeO-MiPT (5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine), nicknamed "Moxy," is a synthetic tryptamine carrying a 5-methoxy group with methyl...
ACD856 is an experimental drug from the Swedish company AlzeCure Pharma designed to make the brain's own growth factors work harder rathe...
CODE-NAMEDAdatanserin is an azapirone-like compound developed by Wyeth (as WY-50324) as a combined anxiolytic and antidepressant.
CODE-NAMEDALD-52 (1-acetyl-LSD) is the 1-acetyl derivative of LSD, historically associated with the "Orange Sunshine" acid of the 1960s and one of...
CODE-NAMEDAmfecloral (INN;
ASP-4345 is an investigational small molecule developed by Astellas Pharma that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the dopamine D...
CODE-NAMEDASP2905 is an experimental small molecule that acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv12.2, en...
CODE-NAMEDButylone (beta-keto-MBDB, or bk-MBDB) is a methylenedioxy-substituted synthetic cathinone belonging to the entactogenic subgroup that als...
Dopamantine is an obscure dopamine prodrug: dopamine linked through an amide bond to a lipophilic adamantane (fat-soluble cage) group.
N,N-Dipropyltryptamine (DPT) is a synthetic tryptamine, the dipropyl homolog of DMT, that has been used both recreationally and, historic...
ETH-CAT (N-ethylcathinone, ethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone and the N-ethyl homologue of cathinone, closely related to methcathinone.
ETH-LAD (6-ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide) is a lysergamide psychedelic and close structural analogue of LSD in which the N-6 met...
Ethylone is the beta-keto analog of MDEA and the N-ethyl homolog of methylone, sometimes designated bk-MDEA, belonging to the methylenedi...
GSK1034702 is a GlaxoSmithKline benzimidazolone marketed in the literature as an M1 allosteric agonist;
Istradefylline is a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist used as an add-on to levodopa-based therapy in adults with Parkinson's di...
CODE-NAMEDLAE-32, or lysergic acid monoethylamide, is a lysergamide closely related to LSD in which one of the two ethyl groups of the diethylamide...
CODE-NAMEDLIT-001 is the first non-peptide oxytocin receptor agonist that reaches the brain and changes behaviour after an ordinary injection into...
CODE-NAMEDMCC950 is a potent, highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome that blocks canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 acti...
CODE-NAMEDMDEA (MDE, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, "Eve") is the N-ethyl homologue of MDMA and a ring-substituted amphetamine that produce...
OL-135 is a reversible, competitive fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor of the alpha-ketoheterocycle class, developed by the Boge...
CODE-NAMEDOrphenadrine is an anticholinergic agent used as a skeletal muscle relaxant and, historically, in the management of Parkinsonism.
Pentedrone is a synthetic cathinone stimulant structurally related to methcathinone but bearing an extended propyl side chain.
PF-04457845 is an investigational, orally bioavailable fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor developed by Pfizer that raises endoca...
PF-3845 is a highly selective, covalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor developed by Pfizer as a pharmacological tool to augm...
CODE-NAMEDPRE-084 is a synthetic, highly selective agonist of the sigma-1 receptor, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein that modulates calci...
CODE-NAMEDRalmitaront is an investigational, selective trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) partial agonist developed by Roche as a non-dopami...
CODE-NAMEDThe first CB1 cannabinoid-receptor blocker;
CODE-NAMEDSalvinorin B methoxymethyl ether (MOM-Salvinorin B) is a semi-synthetic analog of salvinorin A, the active diterpene of the plant Salvia...
T-817MA, later given the generic name edonerpic maleate, was developed by Toyama Chemical (subsequently absorbed into Fujifilm's pharmace...
JAPANTrihexyphenidyl (Artane) is a synthetic anticholinergic prescribed mainly for Parkinson's disease symptoms and for antipsychotic-induced...
VU0467154 is a preclinical positive allosteric modulator of the M4 muscarinic receptor, built at Vanderbilt as an in vivo tool compound,...
WIN 55,212-2 is a synthetic aminoalkylindole cannabinoid receptor agonist that binds and fully activates both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid...
CODE-NAMED25E-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-E and a comparatively recent entrant to the NBOH class of serotonergic hallucinogens.
2C-P is among the most potent and longest-lasting members of the 2C family, carrying a propyl group at the 4-position of the 2,5-dimethox...
3-HO-PCP (3-hydroxyphencyclidine) is a hydroxylated analog of phencyclidine that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist and, unusually for a...
4-Methylpregabalin is an investigational gabapentinoid (an alpha2delta calcium-channel ligand) and a close structural analog of pregabali...
alpha-conotoxin mii is a cone-snail peptide toxin and the foundational research probe for alpha6-containing nicotinic receptors;
AM3506 is an investigational fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor of the sulfonyl fluoride chemical class that raises brain levels...
CODE-NAMEDART27-13 (also written ART27.13) is an experimental, orally active cannabinoid drug that acts as a potent, peripherally selective full ag...
CODE-NAMEDCerebroprotein hydrolysate is a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids extracted from porcine brain tissue and use...
CF3CN is a laboratory code for an optimised replacement for 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, redesigned to resist the metabolism that destroys the p...
Clorgyline (also spelled clorgiline) is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks dow...
CP-55,940 is a synthetic non-classical cannabinoid that acts as a potent, non-selective full agonist at the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid recep...
CODE-NAMEDCX-516 (Ampalex) is the first-in-class ampakine, developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals, historically important as the compound that establi...
CODE-NAMEDFosgonimeton is an injectable prodrug of dihexa, developed for Alzheimer's disease and taken through a 549-patient phase 2/3 trial that m...
CODE-NAMEDGambogic amide is a derivative of gambogic acid, a caged xanthone from the resin of a Southeast Asian tree, reported as a selective agoni...
Ginkgolide B is a diterpene lactone, one of the terpene trilactones found in the leaves and roots of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba).
CODE-NAMEDHericenone C is an aromatic fatty-acid ester isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus and one of the classic small-molecule...
Hericenone D is an aromatic fatty-acid ester from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus, one of the original nerve growth factor-induci...
Hexedrone is a stimulant synthetic cathinone belonging to the same reuptake-inhibiting series as pentedrone, distinguished by its longer...
HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that acts as an ultra-potent full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.
CODE-NAMEDJJC8-091 is an investigational atypical dopamine-transporter inhibitor derived from modafinil, developed as a candidate treatment for psy...
JWH-018 is a synthetic naphthoylindole cannabinoid and a potent full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, considerably more efficacious...
CODE-NAMEDLevoamphetamine is the other half of Adderall.
MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) is a conformationally constrained entactogen in which the amphetamine side chain is locked into a...
Mexedrone (3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one) is an alpha-methoxy analog of mephedrone marketed as a legal success...
MiPT (N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine structurally related to DMT, bearing methyl and isopropyl groups on the t...
MTEP is a selective, brain-penetrant negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5).
MXiPr (methoxisopropamine) is a 1,2-diarylethylamine dissociative belonging to the same chemical family as diphenidine, methoxphenidine,...
PF-06827443 is a Pfizer M1-selective positive allosteric modulator designed to test whether M1 modulation without agonist activity could...
PNU-120596 is a selective type II positive allosteric modulator of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor;
CODE-NAMEDA selective M1 positive allosteric modulator from Merck, used as the reference preclinical tool for the claim that boosting acetylcholine...
R13 is a prodrug of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, built by capping both of the parent compound's hydroxyl groups with carbamate esters so it surv...
SOMCL-668 is the first selective and potent positive allosteric modulator of the sigma-1 receptor, developed by the Shanghai Institute of...
CODE-NAMEDTelenzepine is a thienobenzodiazepine analogue of pirenzepine with the same M1 preference and far more potency;
Tulrampator (S-47445) is a selective positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors developed by Servier.
CODE-NAMEDUlotaront (development code SEP-363856) is an investigational antipsychotic built around a genuinely new mechanism.
CODE-NAMEDVD11 is an 11-amino-acid linear peptide (VDELWPPWLPC) isolated from the spinal cord of the Chinese odorous frog Odorrana schmackeri.
CODE-NAMEDVU319 is a Vanderbilt-discovered M1-selective positive allosteric modulator with minimal intrinsic agonist activity that completed a firs...
CODE-NAMED2C-H is the 4-unsubstituted parent of the 2C family, in which the 4-position is occupied only by hydrogen.
4-AcO-DET (4-acetoxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-DET and the diethyl homolog of psilacetin.
4-HO-MiPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine;
6-APDB (6-(2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) is the dihydrobenzofuran analogue of 6-APB, in which the furan ring is partially saturat...
AF710B, also known as ANAVEX 3-71 (later ANAVEX3-71), is an experimental small-molecule drug that acts as a selective allosteric agonist...
Atagabalin (developmental code PD-0200390) is an investigational gabapentinoid, a conformationally constrained cyclopentane analogue of g...
AVL-3288 (also known as UCI-4083) is an experimental compound that acts as a type I positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic ace...
CODE-NAMEDBAY 60-7550 is a potent, selective phosphodiesterase-2 (PDE2) inhibitor.
CODE-NAMEDBesipirdine was Hoechst-Roussel's attempt to broaden the cholinergic-hypothesis playbook for Alzheimer's disease by hitting two neurotran...
CODE-NAMEDCE-158 is an investigational, highly selective atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor developed by academic groups in Vienna, Salzburg,...
CODE-NAMEDCX-717 is a later, more brain-penetrant ampakine (Cortex Pharmaceuticals, later RespireRx) notable for offsetting sleep-deprivation cogni...
CODE-NAMEDDemoxytocin, also known as desamino-oxytocin or deaminooxytocin, is a synthetic analogue of the hormone oxytocin.
N,N-Diethyltryptamine (DET) is a synthetic homolog of DMT in which the two N-methyl groups are replaced by ethyl groups.
N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT) is a synthetic tryptamine distinguished among psychedelics by predominantly auditory rather than visual...
Encenicline (EVP-6124) is an investigational, orally active, selective partial agonist of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor dev...
CODE-NAMEDErinacine C is a cyathane diterpenoid from Hericium erinaceus mycelium and one of the more potent members of the erinacine series for ind...
Esmirtazapine is an experimental drug that is the S-enantiomer of the antidepressant mirtazapine, a member of the tetracyclic class.
CODE-NAMEDEtazolate (EHT-0202) is a fascinating triple-mechanism molecule: a 1970s pyrazolopyridine anxiolytic that ExonHit repurposed for Alzheime...
CODE-NAMEDFarampator (CX-691 / Org 24448) is an investigational ampakine, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors, advance...
CODE-NAMEDGalanin(1-15) is an active N-terminal fragment of galanin that behaves as a distinct signaling entity through galanin receptor 1 and rece...
Galnon is a low-molecular-weight, systemically active nonpeptide galanin receptor agonist and one of the first small molecules shown to a...
HER-096 is a brain-penetrating peptidomimetic derived from human CDNF (cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor), developed by Herantis Phar...
CODE-NAMEDHT-0712 (betamilast) is a PDE4 inhibitor purpose-engineered to be a memory drug.
CODE-NAMEDIbudilast (MN-166, Ketas) is a brain-penetrant, multi-target neuroimmune modulator that stands apart from the pure PDE4 crowd.
JAPANJWH-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid of the naphthoylindole class that acts as a potent agonist at both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2.
CODE-NAMEDL-Clausenamide, or (-)-clausenamide, is a pyrrolidinone alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Clausena lansium (wampee) and studied in Chi...
LM22B-10 is a small molecule reported to activate both TrkB and TrkC, the receptors for BDNF and neurotrophin-3, from the same laboratory...
Mavoglurant (developmental code AFQ056) is an orally active, selective negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate recept...
CODE-NAMEDMeclofenoxate, also known as centrophenoxine, is a nootropic compound classified as a cholinergic agent, made by combining dimethylethano...
Mesembrine is an alkaloid found chiefly in Sceletium tortuosum, a succulent plant of southern Africa traditionally known as kanna.
Mitochonic Acid 5 (MA-5) is a synthetic indole-3-acetic acid derivative that boosts cellular ATP production through a mechanism independe...
MPT (N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine) is an obscure synthetic tryptamine carrying a methyl and a propyl group on the terminal amine, structur...
N-Ethylhexedrone, commonly sold as Hexen, is a synthetic cathinone stimulant within the broad family of substituted cathinone new psychoa...
Neotrofin is the brand name for leteprinim potassium (development code AIT-082), a small purine derivative of hypoxanthine that was inves...
CODE-NAMEDNorbinaltorphimine, commonly abbreviated nor-BNI, is a selective antagonist of the kappa-opioid receptor used almost exclusively as a res...
O-PCE (eticyclidone, 2-oxo-PCE) is a ketone-bearing arylcyclohexylamine of the eticyclidine family, structurally related to deschloroketa...
Org 26576 is an investigational ampakine from the Organon (later Merck) program;
CODE-NAMEDRolipram (ZK 62711) is the prototypical PDE4 inhibitor and the reference compound for the entire class.
CODE-NAMEDRS-67333 is a selective, high-affinity partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor that has become the reference pharmacological tool...
CODE-NAMEDSonlicromanol (KH176) is an orally active, blood-brain-barrier-penetrant small molecule derived from the vitamin E analog Trolox, develop...
CODE-NAMEDTAK-041 (NBI-1065846);
CODE-NAMEDTetramethoxyluteolin, also called methoxyluteolin, is a synthetic methylated derivative of the natural flavonoid luteolin, in which luteo...
TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine) is one of the positional isomers of the mescaline-related trimethoxyamphetamine series.
Usmarapride is an experimental small-molecule drug that acts as a selective partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor.
Vinburnine, also known as eburnamonine, is an indole alkaloid of the eburnamine-vincamine family, related to vincamine and found in plant...
Vincamine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid obtained mainly from the leaves of the lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor).
2C-T-21 is an obscure sulfur-containing member of the 2C-T subfamily, carrying a 2-fluoroethylthio group at the 4 position of the 2,5-dim...
3-HO-PCE (3-hydroxyeticyclidine) is an arylcyclohexylamine of the eticyclidine (PCE) family that produces dissociative, hallucinogenic, a...
3-MeO-PCMo (4-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]morpholine) is a morpholine-ring arylcyclohexylamine related to 3-MeO-PCP and the wider phen...
4-AcO-MiPT (4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the acetate ester of 4-HO-MiPT and a close analog of psi...
4-HO-DET (4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, ethocin, CEY-19) is a synthetic tryptamine, the diethyl homolog of psilocin first investigated...
CODE-NAMED4-HO-DPT (4-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine, the di-n-propyl homolog of psilocin.
4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine;
4-HO-MPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine;
522-054 is a laboratory research compound built in Kelvin Gee's group at the University of California, Irvine to do two opposite things t...
ABT-089, also known as pozanicline, is a synthetic small molecule that acts as a partial agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine rece...
CODE-NAMEDAlaproclate is one of the earliest selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), developed by Astra AB in the 1970s as a candidate ant...
CODE-NAMEDAlniditan is a serotonin 5-HT1B/5-HT1D receptor agonist that was investigated by Janssen as an abortive treatment for acute migraine atta...
alpha-conotoxin pia is a cone-snail (conus purpurascens) peptide toxin and the first ligand able to cleanly discriminate alpha6- from alp...
alpha-conotoxin txib is a conus textile peptide toxin and one of the most selective alpha6/alpha3beta2beta3 nicotinic antagonists known (...
Amfonelic acid (AFA, WIN 25978) is a synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine carboxylic acid structurally derived from the antibacterial scaffold of...
CODE-NAMEDAMN082 is the first identified selective allosteric agonist of the mGlu7 receptor, a group III metabotropic glutamate receptor that is th...
CODE-NAMEDan6001 is an experimental (saniona) positive allosteric modulator that is selective for alpha6beta2-containing nicotinic receptors;
CODE-NAMEDAZD-3783 is an investigational, selective serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist that AstraZeneca developed as a potential treatment for ma...
CODE-NAMEDBasimglurant (developmental codes RG7090 and RO4917523) is a potent, selective negative allosteric modulator of the mGlu5 receptor develo...
CODE-NAMEDChlorphentermine is a discontinued appetite suppressant, the para-chloro version of phentermine;
Corallocin A is an isoindolinone natural product first isolated from the coral tooth mushroom Hericium coralloides and subsequently found...
Corallocin B is a benzofuranone natural product isolated from the mushroom Hericium coralloides alongside corallocins A and C.
CX-1739 is a second-generation, low-impact ampakine developed by RespireRx Pharmaceuticals (formerly Cortex) as a positive allosteric mod...
CODE-NAMEDCX-546 is a benzoxazine ampakine developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate receptors.
CODE-NAMEDCX-614 is a benzoxazine ampakine from the Cortex Pharmaceuticals program and a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type glutamate recep...
CODE-NAMEDD-Cycloserine is a small molecule that acts as a partial agonist at the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDA glutamate receptor, and it is...
Dexpramipexole (KNS-760704) is the R-enantiomer of the dopamine agonist pramipexole, stripped of most dopaminergic activity and repurpose...
CODE-NAMEDDihydrexidine (DAR-0100) is a synthetic phenanthridine and the first full agonist at the dopamine D1 receptor, developed largely through...
CODE-NAMEDalpha-dihydroergocryptine (almirid/cripar) is a hydrogenated ergot-alkaloid dopamine agonist used for parkinson's disease;
CODE-NAMEDDipraglurant (developmental code ADX48621) is an orally active negative allosteric modulator of the mGlu5 receptor developed by Addex The...
CODE-NAMEDEdaravone (MCI-186) is a small-molecule free-radical scavenger;
CODE-NAMEDEglumegad (developmental code LY354740) is a potent, selective orthosteric agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 an...
CODE-NAMEDErinacine P is a cyathane diterpenoid isolated from liquid cultures of Hericium erinaceus and is best understood as a biosynthetic precur...
Fenobam is an imidazole small molecule originally developed in the 1970s as a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic whose mechanism was unknown u...
CODE-NAMEDFK-960 was Fujisawa Pharmaceutical's (Japan) 1990s answer to a completely different question than most nootropics of its era: instead of...
JAPANFoliglurax (developmental code PXT002331) is an orally active, brain-penetrant positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu4 receptor, a gro...
CODE-NAMEDFosigotifator (ABBV-CLS-7262) is an orally bioavailable small-molecule activator of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) d...
CODE-NAMEDGacyclidine (GK-11) is a phencyclidine derivative built for an entirely different job than PCP or ketamine ever had: not anesthesia or re...
CODE-NAMEDGalanin-like peptide, or GALP, is a 60-amino-acid neuropeptide isolated from porcine hypothalamus whose central region is identical to th...
Galanin(2-11), also known as AR-M1896, is a short galanin fragment corresponding to residues two through eleven of the peptide and is wid...
CODE-NAMEDGalmic is a macrocyclic nonpeptide galanin receptor agonist built on a rigid protein-surface-mimicking scaffold that displays galnon's ph...
Gidazepam was developed in Soviet Ukraine in the 1970s-80s as a daytime anxiolytic, the goal being to strip out the sedation and muscle r...
SOVIETGTS-21, also known as DMXB-A, is an investigational drug that acts as a selective partial agonist at the alpha-7 subtype of nicotinic ace...
CODE-NAMEDHericene A is a hydrophobic hericerin-derived isoindoline compound from Hericium erinaceus that activates a pan-neurotrophic signaling pa...
HXE, also called hydroxetamine, is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative structurally related to ketamine and deschloroketamine.
Hyperforin is a prenylated phloroglucinol compound produced by St.
Idalopirdine is a potent, selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist developed by H.
CODE-NAMEDJNJ-40411813 (also known as ADX71149) is an orally active positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu2 receptor, developed jointly by Janss...
CODE-NAMEDLinopirdine took a completely different route to boosting acetylcholine than anything else in this collection;
CODE-NAMEDLY341495 is a potent and selective orthosteric antagonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) developed by Eli...
CODE-NAMEDLY379268 is a highly potent and selective orthosteric agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) developed by...
CODE-NAMEDM617 is a synthetic chimeric galanin analog that acts as a galanin receptor 1 preferring agonist and is used as a subtype-selective resea...
Mibampator (LY451395) is a biarylpropylsulfonamide positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors developed by Eli Lilly as a cognition-...
CODE-NAMEDMiPLA (N-methyl-N-isopropyl lysergamide) is a close structural analog of LSD in which one of the two amide N-ethyl groups is replaced by...
NAX 810-2 is a second-generation galanin analog engineered to prefer galanin receptor 2 over receptor 1, developed to preserve the antico...
CODE-NAMEDNAX-5055, also known as Gal-B2, is a systemically active, metabolically stable galanin analog engineered to cross the blood-brain barrier...
CODE-NAMEDNeboglamine (also called nebostinel, development code CR-2249) is an investigational compound that acts as a positive modulator of the gl...
CODE-NAMEDNorephedrine is a minor metabolite of amphetamine and, under its other name phenylpropanolamine, a drug that was in half the medicine cab...
Olesoxime (TRO19622) is an orally active, brain-penetrant cholesterol-oxime developed as a mitochondrial-targeted neuroprotectant.
CODE-NAMEDPF-04995274 is a selective, brain-penetrant 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist originally developed by Pfizer that has become the leading cli...
Phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH) is a metabolite of the antidepressant phenelzine and a research compound in its own right.
Pomaglumetad methionil (developmental code LY2140023) is the methionine amide prodrug of LY404039, a selective orthosteric agonist of gro...
CODE-NAMEDProscaline (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenethylamine) is a scaline, a homolog of the classic phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline in which t...
Sabeluzole (R 58 735) is a benzothiazole derivative developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica as a neuroprotective memory enhancer.
Sapunifiram (MN-19) is an investigational piperidine cognition-enhancer developed by the medicinal chemistry group at the University of F...
CODE-NAMEDSKF-38393 is a synthetic organic compound of the benzazepine class that acts as a selective agonist at the dopamine D1 receptor family.
CODE-NAMEDSL65.0155 is a selective 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist developed as a cognition-enhancing candidate, notable for producing robust improv...
CODE-NAMEDSNAP-37889 is a potent, selective small-molecule antagonist of the galanin receptor 3 subtype, studied together with its more water-solub...
CODE-NAMEDSpexin, also called neuropeptide Q, is a small 14-amino-acid peptide discovered by bioinformatics and later shown to be an endogenous lig...
CODE-NAMEDSR-17018 is an experimental synthetic opioid;
CODE-NAMEDT-588 came out of Toyama Chemical in Japan as a multi-target cognitive enhancer built for the vascular-dementia and post-stroke cognitive...
JAPANTabernanthalog (TBG) is a synthetic analogue of the plant alkaloid ibogaine, engineered to be water-soluble and, according to its develop...
TAK-418;
CODE-NAMEDTAK-994;
CODE-NAMEDTMA-6 (2,4,6-trimethoxyamphetamine) is another isomer of the trimethoxyamphetamine series, distinguished by its symmetric arrangement of...
Trofinetide is a synthetic analog of the neuroprotective tripeptide glycine-proline-glutamate, the N-terminal fragment of insulin like gr...
CODE-NAMEDVatiquinone (EPI-743) is an orally bioavailable para-benzoquinone derived from alpha-tocotrienol, developed as a mitochondrial-protective...
CODE-NAMEDzelquistinel (codes GATE-251 and AGN-241751) is an investigational oral drug for depression;
CODE-NAMED2-Aminoindane (2-AI) is a rigid, ring-locked analog of amphetamine in which the side chain is fused into an indane ring.
2-FA (2-fluoroamphetamine) is a fluorinated analog of amphetamine and a fairly clean, functional stimulant that boosts energy, focus and...
2-FEA (2-fluoroethamphetamine) is the N-ethyl analog of 2-FA and a fluorinated stimulant in the amphetamine family.
2-FMA is methamphetamine with a fluorine added at the ortho (2) position of the ring.
2M2B (2-methyl-2-butanol) is a tertiary alcohol with sedative, alcohol-like effects;
3-Cl-PCP (3-chlorophencyclidine) is a ring-substituted analog of phencyclidine presumed to act, like its parent, as an uncompetitive N-me...
3-FA is amphetamine with a fluorine at the meta (3) position of the ring.
CODE-NAMED3-FEA is the N-ethyl version of 3-fluoroamphetamine, meaning it has an ethyl group on the nitrogen and a fluorine at the meta position of...
3-FMA is methamphetamine with a fluorine at the meta (3) position of the ring.
3-FPM is a fluorinated analog of phenmetrazine, an older appetite-suppressant stimulant built on a morpholine ring rather than a simple a...
CODE-NAMED3,4-CTMP is a methylphenidate analog carrying two chlorine atoms on the phenyl ring, which makes it far more potent than methylphenidate...
4-FA is amphetamine with a fluorine at the para (4) position of the ring, which shifts its character toward a hybrid of stimulant and mil...
4-FMA is methamphetamine with a fluorine at the para (4) position of the ring.
4-HO-EPT (4-hydroxy-N-ethyl-N-propyltryptamine) is a rare synthetic tryptamine bearing ethyl and propyl groups on the side chain, structu...
4F-EPH combines two tweaks to methylphenidate at once: an ethyl ester in place of the methyl ester and a fluorine on the para position of...
4F-MPH is methylphenidate with a fluorine added to the para position of the phenyl ring.
7-Hydroxymitragynine is a minor alkaloid of the kratom plant and an active metabolite of mitragynine, and it is the main driver of kratom...
8-Chlorotheophylline is a xanthine stimulant closely related to caffeine and theophylline.
Adamantyl carbonyl proline is an obscure synthetic compound that links a rigid adamantane cage to the amino acid proline through a carbon...
ADL-5747 is an investigational, orally active, selective delta (delta) opioid receptor agonist that was developed as a non-classical anal...
CODE-NAMEDAloracetam is an experimental nootropic compound that was investigated as a potential treatment for cognitive impairment, most notably Al...
AQW051 was Novartis's alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, developed alongside ABT-126, TC-5619, and encenicline in t...
CODE-NAMEDAUT-00063 is an investigational Kv3 (Shaw-family) potassium channel modulator developed by Autifony Therapeutics for hearing disorders, c...
CODE-NAMEDAV-101 is an oral prodrug, not an active drug in the blood;
CODE-NAMEDAZD-2327 is an investigational, highly selective delta-opioid receptor agonist that AstraZeneca developed as a potential antidepressant a...
CODE-NAMEDB-193 is an experimental beta-carboline compound studied in the late 1980s and 1990s as an atypical antidepressant with serotonin 5-HT2 r...
Ciproxifan never had a pharma sponsor chasing an indication;
Clonazolam is a designer (research-chemical) benzodiazepine that is extremely potent, active in tiny amounts.
DAA-1097 is a high-affinity synthetic ligand of the translocator protein TSPO, historically called the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor.
CODE-NAMEDDeschloroetizolam is a designer thienodiazepine, the deschloro analog of etizolam (the same drug family, with a chlorine atom removed).
Desomorphine is a potent semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine, notorious in its crude homemade form 'krokodil'.
Desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP) is a piperidine-based stimulant closely related to pipradrol and methylphenidate.
Dichloropane (RTI-111) is a phenyltropane, part of the same research family as cocaine but built to be more potent and longer-lasting.
CODE-NAMEDDiclazepam is a designer benzodiazepine closely related to diazepam (Valium), essentially a chlorinated version of it.
dihydroergocristine is a hydrogenated ergot alkaloid;
CODE-NAMEDDoliracetam is an obscure synthetic compound of the racetam family, a group of acetamide-based substances studied for possible effects on...
Dupracetam is an experimental nootropic of the racetam (pyrrolidinone) family, structurally related to piracetam.
E-6801 is a potent serotonin 5-HT6 receptor agonist, characterized as a high-efficacy partial-to-full agonist depending on assay conditio...
E-6837 is a selective, high-affinity serotonin 5-HT6 receptor ligand developed at Laboratorios Dr.
Eliprodil was one of the first NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists to reach human trials, developed by the French pharmaceutical com...
CODE-NAMEDEMD-386088 is a selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor agonist, described in some assays as a partial agonist, that is used as a pharmacologi...
CODE-NAMEDEptastigmine was the Italian pharmaceutical company Mediolanum's long-acting redesign of physostigmine, an old carbamate cholinesterase i...
CODE-NAMEDEscaline is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, corresponding to mescaline with an ethoxy group replacin...
Ethylmorphine (Dionine) is a mild opioid closely related to codeine, an ethyl ether of morphine used historically as a cough suppressant...
Ethylphenidate is a close analog of methylphenidate that swaps the methyl ester for an ethyl ester;
Etizolam is a thienodiazepine, a close cousin of the benzodiazepines that acts the same way on GABA.
F-Phenibut (fluorophenibut) is a fluorinated analog of phenibut, a GABA-B agonist used as an anxiolytic and sleep aid;
Fencamfamine is a norbornane-derived CNS stimulant that was once marketed (as Reactivan) for fatigue, low mood, and convalescence.
Fenethylline is a prodrug that links an amphetamine molecule to theophylline (a caffeine-like xanthine).
Fenozolone is an oxazoline CNS stimulant closely related to pemoline and aminorex, formerly used as a mood-lifting and anti-fatigue agent.
merck's second dual orexin antagonist (MK-6096);
CODE-NAMEDFlualprazolam is a designer benzodiazepine, a fluorinated analog of alprazolam (Xanax) that is more potent than its parent.
Flubromazepam is a designer benzodiazepine notable for an extremely long duration;
Flubromazolam is a designer benzodiazepine and one of the most potent known, active in extraordinarily small amounts.
Flunitrazolam is a designer benzodiazepine, a triazolo analog of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) that is extremely potent, active in tiny amounts.
HA-966 is a small research-tool molecule, (±)-3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one, that acts at the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDA glu...
CODE-NAMEDIFB-088 (also called icergustat, related to the tool compound Sephin1) is an experimental small molecule that inhibits the regulatory sub...
CODE-NAMEDLisuride is an ergoline (ergot-derived) drug that acts as a dopamine D2-like receptor agonist while also blocking the 5-HT2B serotonin re...
LSM-775 (lysergic acid morpholide) is a lysergamide in which the diethylamide of LSD is replaced by a morpholine ring.
CODE-NAMEDLY451646 was one of Eli Lilly's AMPA receptor potentiators explored as a fundamentally different kind of antidepressant, one that worked...
CODE-NAMEDLY503430 was Eli Lilly's early-2000s AMPA receptor potentiator, built to test whether boosting glutamatergic signaling could protect and...
CODE-NAMEDMasupirdine is a potent, selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist developed by Suven Life Sciences as SUVN-502 for cognitive deficit...
CODE-NAMEDMCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) is a piperazine compound best known as a metabolite of the antidepressant trazodone and as a common ad...
MET (N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine closely related to DMT, bearing one methyl and one ethyl substituent on the te...
Metergoline is an ergoline (an ergot-derived compound) that works mainly as a potent antagonist at serotonin receptors, blocking both 5-H...
Methallylescaline (MAL) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, bearing a methallyloxy group at the 4 pos...
Methaqualone (sold historically as Quaalude and Mandrax) is a sedative-hypnotic depressant that was once widely prescribed for sleep and...
Methiopropamine (MPA) is a thiophene-ring analog of methamphetamine, meaning the benzene ring is swapped for a sulfur-containing thiophen...
Methylnaphthidate is a methylphenidate analog in which the phenyl ring is replaced by a larger naphthalene (two fused rings).
CODE-NAMEDMetizolam is a thienodiazepine (a benzodiazepine-type molecule where one benzene ring is swapped for a thiophene ring) sold as a research...
MRZ-9547 is the R-enantiomer of phenylpiracetam (R-fonturacetam), developed by Merz Pharmaceuticals as a selective dopamine transporter (...
CODE-NAMEDNifoxipam is a designer benzodiazepine structurally related to flunitrazepam (Rohypnol);
idorsia's ACT-539313;
CODE-NAMEDNM-2-AI is the N-methyl version of 2-aminoindane, the same ring-locked amphetamine analog with a methyl group added to the nitrogen.
NS-2359 (GSK372475) is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with approximately equipotent blockade of the dopamine, norepinephrine, and...
CODE-NAMEDp-Fluoro-Deprenyl is a para-fluoro analog of selegiline (deprenyl), a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B, an enzyme that b...
Pentobarbital is a short-to-intermediate-acting barbiturate historically used as a sedative, hypnotic, and anesthetic, and today for uses...
PEPA came out of Japan's National Institute of Neuroscience in the mid-1990s as a sulfonamide-based AMPA receptor potentiator, and resear...
JAPANPethidine (also called meperidine, brand name Demerol) is a synthetic opioid used for moderate to severe pain, though it has fallen out o...
Prolintane is a pyrrolidine stimulant that was sold decades ago in combination tonics and "pep" products, often paired with a vitamin.
A Pfizer M1 positive allosteric modulator whose tritiated form became the first radioligand for the M1 allosteric site, letting a program...
CODE-NAMEDPyrazolam is a designer triazolobenzodiazepine (a benzodiazepine with a fused triazole ring, structurally akin to alprazolam) sold as a r...
Rolziracetam was developed as CI-911 during the 1980s racetam research wave that piracetam's success touched off across European and Amer...
CODE-NAMEDServier, the French pharmaceutical company, developed S 38093 as a histamine H3 receptor antagonist meant to work alongside existing Alzh...
SB-271046 is one of the first potent and selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonists, developed at SmithKline Beecham as a research to...
CODE-NAMEDSB-399885 is a potent, selective and orally active serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonist developed at GlaxoSmithKline as a cognition-enhanc...
CODE-NAMEDSecobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that was once a common sleeping pill and sedative, sold under the name Seconal.
Siramesine came out of H.
CODE-NAMEDSSR181507 was a Sanofi-Synthelabo tropanemethanamine compound built around a dual mechanism that was, on paper, close to ideal for schizo...
CODE-NAMEDSuritozole took the opposite approach from a sleeping pill;
CODE-NAMEDA Takeda M1 positive allosteric modulator built deliberately weak at amplifying acetylcholine, made to test whether a low cooperativity c...
JAPANA Takeda M1 positive allosteric modulator aimed at constipation rather than cognition;
JAPANTAK-137;
CODE-NAMEDTC-5619 was Targacept's alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, one of the most closely watched compounds of the alpha7-...
CODE-NAMEDtc299423 is an experimental (targacept) small-molecule nicotinic agonist with an alpha6-preferring profile;
CODE-NAMEDTrimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant that was historically used to control absence (petit mal) seizures.
U-47700 is a potent synthetic opioid originally developed in research decades ago and later sold as a designer drug.
Velnacrine is the main liver metabolite of tacrine, and Hoechst-Roussel developed it under the name Mentane hoping that using the metabol...
CODE-NAMEDtaisho's investigational dual orexin receptor antagonist (TS-142) with an unusually short half-life, designed for fast sleep onset and mi...
JAPANWAY-181187 is a potent and selective serotonin 5-HT6 receptor agonist developed at Wyeth as a pharmacological tool to probe the receptor'...
CODE-NAMEDXaliproden (SR57746A) is a synthetic 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist that also shows neurotrophic, NGF-like activity (nerve growth fact...
CODE-NAMED1,3-Butanediol is an alcohol-like compound the body metabolizes into beta-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body and, more prominently, into a be...
3C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, the alpha-methylated (amphetamine) homolog of escaline withi...
3C-P is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, the alpha-methylated (amphetamine) homolog of proscaline in...
4-PMPD is an obscure research chemical that vendor and reference sources identify with 4-benzylpiperidine, also named 4-(phenylmethyl)pip...
5-MeO-DiBF is an obscure benzofuran analogue of the tryptamine 5-MeO-DiPT, in which the indole nitrogen is replaced by oxygen to form a b...
Abbott Laboratories built ABT-239 as a drug-like, orally active histamine H3 antagonist with real human-development ambitions behind it,...
CODE-NAMEDAC-260584 is an Abbott Laboratories research compound from the 2000s, part of the same M1-muscarinic-agonist wave as sabcomeline and xano...
CODE-NAMEDAC-90179 is a research compound and selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, with additional 5-HT2C antagonist activity, that...
CODE-NAMEDAGN-1135 is the racemic mixture of rasagiline (the R-(+)-enantiomer) and its much less active S-(-)-enantiomer, TVP-1022.
CODE-NAMEDAMG 747, later given the generic name tilapertin, was Amgen's oral GlyT1 inhibitor entry in the crowded mid-2010s field chasing glycine-m...
CODE-NAMEDAriadne is a phenethylamine psychedelic analog first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and documented in PiHKAL.
CODE-NAMEDAWD 52-39 is an investigational lysergamide (a chemical relative of LSD) that was developed as a nootropic for cognitive disorders before...
CODE-NAMEDAxomadol (EN3324) is an investigational centrally acting analgesic that combines opioid receptor agonism with inhibition of noradrenaline...
CODE-NAMEDAZD-1134 is an investigational, selective serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist that AstraZeneca researched preclinically as a potential t...
CODE-NAMEDBnH-015B is an oral compound from a Korean company, in a first-in-human trial for Alzheimer's disease.
Cyclazodone is a stimulant research chemical from the oxazolidinone family;
GlaxoSmithKline built GSK189254 out of a benzazepine chemical series distinct from the imidazole-based H3 antagonists that came before it...
CODE-NAMEDHBT1 is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor (an "ampakine") that came out of a Takeda drug-discovery program.
JAPANjanssen's brain-penetrant selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist (~50-fold OX1 over OX2);
Latrepirdine, better known by its Soviet-era trade name Dimebon, is a multi-target small molecule originally marketed in Russia as a non-...
SOVIETMephenaqualone is a quinazolinone sedative-hypnotic, a close structural analog of methaqualone (the Quaalude drug).
Methylphenylpiracetam (MPP) is a methylated analogue of phenylpiracetam developed at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, and its...
merck's selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA);
CODE-NAMEDN-Methyl-Cyclazodone is the N-methylated analog of cyclazodone, a stimulant research chemical from the pemoline-related oxazolidinone fam...
N-Phenethyl dimethylamine, chemically N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, is a doubly methylated analogue of the trace amine beta-phenylethylamin...
Ocaperidone was a Janssen Pharmaceutica benzisoxazole compound from the same chemical family that produced risperidone, sharing its dual...
Otsuka Pharmaceutical in Japan built OPC-14523 to hit two antidepressant-relevant targets in one molecule, sigma receptors and the 5-HT1A...
JAPANOrg 34517 targeted a different piece of the depression puzzle entirely, the glucocorticoid receptor, on the theory that chronically eleva...
CODE-NAMEDPEA-P (sold as PEA-P HCl) is a phenethylamine-family stimulant marketed as a mood and energy ingredient, built on the core structure of b...
Propentofylline was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Hoechst under the code HWA 285 as a glia-targeting approach to dementi...
CODE-NAMEDRislenemdaz began life at Merck as MK-0657, an orally bioavailable, highly selective GluN2B (NR2B) subunit NMDA receptor antagonist, firs...
CODE-NAMEDthe original selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist;
CODE-NAMEDluvadaxistat (TAK-831 / NBI-1065844);
CODE-NAMEDZylofuramine (WIN 25873) is a mid-twentieth-century central nervous system stimulant belonging to the alpha-benzyltetrahydrofurfurylamine...
CODE-NAMEDAcaprazine is a phenylpiperazine-class anxiolytic and adrenergic-blocking (adrenolytic) agent that was investigated but never marketed.
Alentemol is an investigational compound described as a selective dopamine autoreceptor agonist that was studied as a potential antipsych...
Allylescaline is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the mescaline-analog scaline family, distinguished by an allyloxy group at the 4 positio...
Astra2959 is an obscure research chemical identified by vendors as N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylcyclobutanamine hydrochloride, the N,N-dimeth...
CODE-NAMEDATHX-105 was an investigational, highly selective serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist developed by Athersys as an oral appetite suppressant...
CODE-NAMEDAtibeprone is an investigational antidepressant, a coumarin derivative containing a thiadiazole moiety, that was developed in the mid-199...
AZD-7268 is an investigational delta-opioid receptor agonist that AstraZeneca developed as a potential oral treatment for major depressiv...
CODE-NAMEDAzepindole is an experimental tricyclic compound from the late 1960s that was studied for combined antidepressant and antihypertensive (b...
CODE-NAMEDBamaluzole is an experimental anticonvulsant from the imidazopyridine chemical class, patented by Merck as a potential seizure treatment...
Bavisant started life at Johnson & Johnson as JNJ-31001074, a potent, brain-penetrant histamine H3 antagonist aimed at adult ADHD;
CODE-NAMEDA dechlorinated mazindol analogue tuned to be a clean noradrenaline reuptake blocker plus a partial orexin-2 agonist;
Fluorene myristate is an obscure research compound marketed as a nootropic;
N-Methyl-Cypenamine is the N-methyl analog of cypenamine (2-phenylcyclopentylamine), a catecholaminergic CNS stimulant research chemical.
PARGY-LAD is an obscure lysergamide analog of LSD in which one amide N-ethyl group is replaced by a propargyl group, a short carbon chain...
Radafaxine is the single-isomer version of a molecule most people have already taken without knowing it, the active (2S,3S)-hydroxybuprop...
CODE-NAMEDcompounds you can actually source for research; everything above is investigational or forgotten, everything down here is orderable today.
Nefiracetam is a fat-soluble pyrrolidinone racetam that modulates cholinergic, glutamatergic, and calcium signaling.
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalTropisetron is a prescription anti-nausea drug that blocks the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, and it is used to stop the vomiting caused by ch...
JAPANavailable research chemicalAniracetam is a fat-soluble member of the racetam family and one of the original ampakines, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalPhenylpiracetam (phenotropil, carphedon) is a phenylated derivative of piracetam, developed in Russia and used clinically as a nootropic,...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPregnenolone (3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one) is an endogenous neurosteroid and the first steroid synthesized from cholesterol, making it th...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalISRIB is an experimental laboratory compound that switches off a cellular alarm system called the integrated stress response;
available research chemicalBPAP is an experimental laboratory compound created in the late 1990s by the Hungarian and Japanese team behind selegiline;
JAPANavailable research chemicalTesofensine is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, originally investigated for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, that produced some...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalAdrafinil (CRL-40028) is a prodrug of modafinil and one of the most accessible routes to clean, sustained wakefulness and focus.
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalCerebrolysin is a neuropeptide preparation that mimics the brain's own neurotrophic factors to support neuronal protection, repair, and p...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalPhenibut (beta-phenyl-GABA) is a Russian-developed anxiolytic and nootropic prized for delivering calm, sociable focus and easier sleep [...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPicamilon (N-nicotinoyl-GABA, pikamilon) is a Soviet-developed nootropic that fuses niacin with the calming neurotransmitter GABA into a...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalEmoxypine, best known by its succinate salt Mexidol, is a Russian antioxidant and antihypoxant used widely across the former Soviet state...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalModafiendz is a fluorinated, N-methylated analog of the wakefulness agent modafinil, marketed online as a next-generation nootropic alter...
available research chemicalCortexin is a polypeptide preparation made from the cerebral cortex of cattle, consisting of a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides,...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalAgomelatine is a first-in-class antidepressant that acts through a mechanism unlike conventional agents, combining agonism at the melaton...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalDSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is a naturally occurring nonapeptide first isolated from the blood of sleeping rabbits, named for its...
available research chemicalBPN14770, also known as zatolmilast, is an investigational drug that inhibits the phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) enzyme through an alloster...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalBromantane is an adamantane-derived actoprotector that delivers clean, non-jittery energy by increasing the body's own dopamine synthesis...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalDihexa is a small angiotensin IV analogue engineered at Washington State University to do something most peptides cannot, which is surviv...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalPPAP is a laboratory compound derived from selegiline that was designed to stimulate the brain without the uncontrolled neurotransmitter...
available research chemicalColuracetam has the most distinctive proposed mechanism in the racetam family.
JAPANavailable research chemicalJ147 is an experimental neuroprotective compound that grew out of a curcumin-like scaffold, designed at the Salk Institute through phenot...
available research chemicalSeltorexant is a selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist in advanced clinical development for insomnia and major depressive disorder.
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemical9-Me-BC is a small synthetic molecule from the beta-carboline family, chemically close to compounds that occur naturally in coffee, cooke...
available research chemicalFasoracetam is a racetam-class nootropic that acts on the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalTAK-653, also called osavampator or NBI-1065845, is an experimental oral drug that makes the brain's main excitatory receptor, the AMPA g...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalCE-123 is a next-generation, thiazole-based modafinil analogue engineered for selective dopamine transporter inhibition and cognitive enh...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalLemairamin, sold as WGX-50 or gx-50, is a small molecule found naturally in Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum and related species);
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalNSI-189 is a first-in-class neurogenic compound built on a genuinely novel premise;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalDNSP-11 is a synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide copied from the pro-region of GDNF, a natural protein that helps dopamine-producing brain ce...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalFladrafinil (CRL-40,941) is a synthetic wakefulness drug from the same French research programme of the 1970s and 1980s that produced mod...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalGB-115 is a cleverly designed dipeptide anxiolytic that eases anxiety while keeping the mind clear, a combination almost nothing else in...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPinealon is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Arg, also called the EDR peptide) from the Russian Khavinson family of short pep...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalCortagen is a synthetic brain-directed tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson family of peptide bioregulators, designed to sup...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalN-PEP-12 is an oral dietary supplement of small brain-derived peptides and free amino acids, sold as Memoprove and described by its own i...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalAdamax is a research peptide built from Semax by capping it with an adamantane group, a bulky lipophilic cage intended to improve stabili...
available research chemicalP21 (P021) is a small, orally active neurotrophic peptide mimetic derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor, engineered to deliver the bra...
available research chemicalPE-22-28 is a fast-acting mood peptide with a genuinely clever mechanism, engineered from the natural antidepressant peptide spadin to be...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalSarcosine, or N-methylglycine, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid and a natural intermediate in the metabolism of glycine and choline.
available research chemicalCompound 7P is a laboratory label rather than a chemical name.
available research chemicalEPObis is a synthetic dendrimeric peptide designed from the binding Site 1 sequence of human erythropoietin, guided by the crystal struct...
available research chemicalPRL-8-53 is a classic research nootropic famous for a single striking human study in which low oral doses significantly improved the rete...
available research chemicalFlmodafinil, also written FL-Modafinil and originally coded CRL-40,940, is a fluorinated analogue of modafinil in which both phenyl rings...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalIdebenone is a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), a short-chain benzoquinone with antioxidant and mitochondrial properties.
JAPANavailable research chemicalFGL is a synthetic 15-residue peptide copying the loop that the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) uses to switch on FGFR1 growth-facto...
available research chemicalNooglutyl (N-(5-hydroxynicotinoyl)-L-glutamic acid) is a memory-oriented nootropic developed at the Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, th...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one, also written 3α,5β-tetrahydroprogesterone) is an endogenous neurosteroid, meaning a steroid t...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalEtifoxine (brand name Stresam;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemical7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), also called tropoflavin, is a naturally occurring flavone studied as a small-molecule mimic of brain-deri...
available research chemicalHumanin is a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide and one of the first signaling molecules found to be encoded within the mitochon...
available research chemicalIDRA-21 is a small synthetic molecule derived from the blood pressure drug diazoxide.
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalMPAP is an experimental laboratory chemical from the Hungarian "enhancer" series that also produced PPAP and BPAP;
available research chemicalBemethyl, also known as bemitil, is a synthetic benzimidazole developed in the Soviet Union and classified as an actoprotector, a drug in...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalDermorphin is a naturally occurring opioid peptide, a chain of seven amino acids first isolated from the skin of South American frogs of...
available research chemicalSipagladenant (development code KW-6356;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalSunifiram (DM-235) is a synthetic nootropic structurally related to piracetam but dramatically more potent, active at very low doses.
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalCMS-121 is an experimental drug created by chemically redesigning fisetin, a plant flavonoid;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalTestagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, from the Khavinson family of short peptide bioregulators [1].
SOVIETavailable research chemicalHydrafinil, also called 9-fluorenol or 9-hydroxyfluorene, is a simple laboratory chemical that Cephalon tested around 2012 while looking...
available research chemicalIndolepropionamide (IPAM) is a naturally occurring indole compound, chemically related to melatonin, that has been studied as a mitochond...
available research chemicalL-THP (levo-tetrahydropalmatine) is a plant alkaloid from Corydalis and related herbs with a long history in traditional Chinese medicine...
available research chemicalEutropoflavin is a synthetic flavonoid studied as a selective agonist of TrkB, the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
available research chemicalUnifiram (DM232) is an exceptionally potent synthetic nootropic developed by Italian medicinal chemists as a next-generation cognition en...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemical1,3-DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine, methylhexanamine) is a potent aliphatic amine stimulant that defined the golden era of hardcore pre-work...
available research chemicalnicergoline (sermion) is a semisynthetic ergoline nootropic-vasodilator;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemical1,4-DMAA (1,4-dimethylamylamine) is an experimental aliphatic amine stimulant that emerged as a next-generation successor to the banned 1...
available research chemicalAdrenochrome is the striking pink-red oxidation product of adrenaline and one of the most mythologized molecules in all of chemistry.
available research chemicalPhenylpiracetam Hydrazide (fonturacetam hydrazide) is a structural variant of phenylpiracetam in which the racetam's amide group is repla...
available research chemicalThozalinone is a classic oxazolinone psychostimulant from the same chemical family as pemoline, originally developed in the 1960s as a mo...
available research chemicalFlibanserin is a serotonergic medication approved to treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women, sold under th...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalHypoxen is a Russian synthetic polyphenolic antihypoxant sold to improve tolerance of low oxygen and of heavy physical or mental load;
SOVIETavailable research chemicalTrekrezan is a Russian actoprotector and adaptogen (a synthetic agent that raises the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, thermal,...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPiritinol, also spelled pyritinol and known as pyrithioxine, is a semisynthetic derivative of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) that has been used...
available research chemicalRGPU-95 is an experimental compound studied in Russian pharmacological research as a structural analog of fenotropil, better known as phe...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalDimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), also known as deanol or dimethylethanolamine, is an organic amino alcohol with the formula (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH.
available research chemicalPalmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide belonging to the N-acylethanolamine family.
available research chemicalTianeptine is an atypical antidepressant, chemically related to the tricyclic antidepressants, that has been used since the 1980s to trea...
available research chemicalTofisopam is an anxiolytic drug of the 2,3-benzodiazepine class, marketed in parts of Europe and Asia under brand names such as Grandaxin...
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalAfobazole is a genuinely obscure case from the West's perspective, a Russian-developed anxiolytic approved for clinical use back in 2005...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalcytisine (tabex, cytisinicline) is a natural plant-alkaloid nicotinic partial agonist and the structural parent of varenicline;
CODE-NAMEDavailable research chemicalHopantenic acid, best known by the Russian brand Pantogam and as its calcium salt calcium hopantenate, is a naturally occurring homologue...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalOrexin-A fragment 17-33 is a shortened, C-terminal portion of the neuropeptide orexin-A, comprising the last seventeen of its thirty-thre...
available research chemicalProroxan is a non-selective alpha adrenoceptor blocker developed at the Soviet Institute of Toxicology in the 1970s;
SOVIETavailable research chemicalTND-1128 (TND1128) is a lipophilic 5-deazaflavin derivative developed in Japan as a mitochondrial activator with efficient self-redox abi...
JAPANavailable research chemicalChlodantane is an adamantane-derived adaptogen developed in Russian pharmacology to rapidly boost the body's resistance to physical, chem...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalCorvalol is a Soviet era household sedative combining a small dose of phenobarbital with ethyl bromisovalerate and peppermint oil, sold w...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalIpidacrine is a genuine Cold War-era Soviet original, synthesized at the National Research Center for Biologically Active Compounds in Ru...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalTenoten is one of the stranger entries in this archive because it is a real, currently marketed Russian pharmaceutical built on a technol...
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPipofezine is a sedating tricyclic antidepressant developed in the Soviet Union and still used in Russia and neighbouring countries;
SOVIETavailable research chemicalPirlindole is a tetracyclic reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, developed in the Soviet Union and still used in Russia and a few...
SOVIETavailable research chemicala reference archive for education; nothing here is medical advice or an endorsement. many of these compounds were dropped for good reasons.