the database

How drugs act on the body: receptors, agonism, affinity, and dose-response.

• PharmacodynamicsMedicine LibreTextssearch
• A Simple Method for Quantifying Functional Selectivity and Agonist BiasPMCdoi
• A unique mechanism of β-blocker action: Carvedilol stimulates β-arrestin signaling | PNASPNASdoi
• Adrenoceptor Desensitization: Current Understanding of MechanismsPubMeddoi
• Affinity, association constant and dissociation constant - Deranged PhysiologyDeranged Physiologysearch
• An operational model of pharmacological agonism: the effect of E/[A] curve shape on agonist dissociation constant estimationPMCdoi
• Biased agonism at β-adrenergic receptorsPMCdoi
• Biased GPCR Signaling: Possible Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications | BiochemistryBiochemistrydoi
• Binding Affinity Determination in Drug Design: Insights from Lock and Keydoi
• Biological Significance of GPCR Heteromerization in the Neuro-Endocrine SystemPMCdoi
• Cheng-Prusoff Equation - Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (CSPT)CSPTsearch
• Competitive and non-competitive antagonists | Deranged PhysiologyDeranged Physiologysearch
• Decoding Schild Analysis: The Pharmacologist's Lens on Competitive Antagonismsearch
• Desensitization of GPCR: Regulation of G protein signaling by beta arrestin and GRKssearch
• Desensitization, internalization, and signaling functions of β-arrestins demonstrated by RNA interference | PNASPNASdoi
• Differential G-protein-coupled Receptor Phosphorylation Provides Evidence for a Signaling Bar CodePMCdoi
• Dose-Response Relationships - Clinical PharmacologyMSD Manualdoi
• ELI5: agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists - RedditRedditsearch
• Enzyme Inhibitor Terms and Calculations - Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrichsearch
• Equation: Operational model - Depletion - GraphPad Prism 11 Curve Fitting GuideGraphPad Prismsearch
• Full agonists, partial agonists and inverse agonists - Deranged PhysiologyDeranged Physiologysearch
• G Protein-Coupled Receptor Biased AgonismPMCdoi
• GPCR Desensitization: Acute and Prolonged PhasesPMCdoi
• GPCR heteromers: An overview of their classificationFrontiersdoi
• Heteromerization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Relevance to Neurological Disorders and NeurotherapeuticsPMCdoi
• How Do Enzymes Work? Lock-and-Key vs. Induced Fit Model - Patsnap SynapsePatsnap Synapsesearch
• IC50Wikipediadoi
• IC50, EC50 and Kd: What is the Difference and Why Do They matter?search
• Lock and Key Model vs Induced Fit Modelsearch
• Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and Functional Selectivitydoi
• Mechanistic analysis of the function of agonists and allosteric modulators: reconciling two-state and operational modelsPMCdoi
• Molecular Docking: From Lock and Key to Combination LockPMCdoi
• pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values - applications in pharmacologySlidesharesearch
• PharmacodynamicsStatPearlsdoi
• Pharmacodynamics – Introduction to the Principles of Veterinary Pharmacologysearch
• Pharmacodynamics: Understanding How Drugs Interact with the Body - International Research JournalInternational Research Journalsearch
• Pharmacological Glossary - Tocris BioscienceTocris Biosciencesearch
• Phosphorylation barcodes direct biased chemokine signaling at CXCR3PMCdoi
• Significance and its Characteristics of Pharmacodynamics - Journal of Basic and Clinical PharmacyJ. Basic Clin. Pharmacysearch
• Taking The Time To Study Competitive AntagonismPMCdoi
• The difference between Ki, Kd, IC50, and EC50 values - The Science SnailThe Science Snailsearch
• The operational model of allosteric modulation of pharmacological agonismResearchGatedoi
• The β-arrestin-biased β-adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol enhances skeletal muscle contractility - DukeSpaceDukeSpacedoi
• Understanding Pharmacodynamics: Drug Action Mechanisms - Pharma Focus EuropePharma Focus Europesearch
• Unique Positive Cooperativity Between the β-Arrestin-Biased β-Blocker Carvedilol and a PAM of the β2-Adrenergic ReceptorPubMeddoi
• β-Arrestin-Biased Allosteric Modulator Potentiates Carvedilol-Stimulated β Adrenergic Receptor CardioprotectionPubMeddoi

How the body handles drugs: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

• Phase II Drug Metabolizing EnzymesResearchGatedoi
• Pharmacologic Issues Across the LifespanMedicine LibreTextssearch
• Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applicationsPMCdoi
• Back to basics: pharmacokinetics - The Pharmaceutical JournalThe Pharmaceutical Journalsearch
• Biochemistry, BiotransformationStatPearlsdoi
• Biochemistry, Cytochrome P450StatPearlsdoi
• Biopharmaceutics: Understanding the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve & AUCsearch
• Chapter 1 Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics - Nursing PharmacologyNCBIdoi
• Clinical Pharmacogenomics: Premarket Evaluation in Early-Phase Clinical Studies - FDAFDAdoi
• Clinical Pharmacology: Early Drug Development - FDAFDAsearch
• CYP Inhibition vs Induction: When Should You Worry? - Patsnap SynapsePatsnap Synapsesearch
• CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 gene profiles and susceptibility to drug response and toxicity in Turkish populationPMCdoi
• Distribution and Elimination Phase – Pharmacokineticssearch
• Distribution and Plasma Protein Binding - Cambridge MedChem ConsultingCambridge MedChemsearch
• Drug Absorption - Clinical PharmacologyMSD Manualdoi
• Drug Absorption & Its Mechanismsearch
• Drug BioavailabilityStatPearlsdoi
• Drug Distribution to Tissues - Clinical PharmacologyMerck Manualdoi
• Drug Distribution Within the Body - MedicationsMSD Manualdoi
• Drug EliminationStatPearlsdoi
• Drug Elimination Mechanisms and the Importance of Pharmacokineticssearch
• Drug Excretion - Clinical PharmacologyMerck Manualdoi
• Drug Excretion / EliminationNews-Medical.Netsearch
• Drug metabolismWikipediadoi
• Drug Metabolism Principles - Phase I and Phase IIPharmaguidelinesearch
• Drug-metabolizing enzymes: a group of promiscuous catalysts - CDC StacksCDC Stackssearch
• Enteric reabsorption processes and their impact on drug pharmacokineticsPMCdoi
• Enterohepatic circulationWikipediadoi
• Enterohepatic circulation: physiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical implicationsPubMeddoi
• Enzyme Induction and Inhibition: Mechanisms, Examples & Clinical SignificanceSlidesharesearch
• Factors affecting drug absorption: Physiological Factorssearch
• Four Stages Of Pharmacokinetics: Drug Journey Within the Body - Laxxon MedicalLaxxon Medicalsearch
• From genes to drugs: CYP2C19 and pharmacogeneticsFrontiersdoi
• Genotype and allele frequencies of TPMT, NAT2, GST, SULT1A1 and MDR-1 in the Egyptian populationPMCdoi
• Influence of Ageing on the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Chronically Administered Medicines in Geriatric PatientsPMCdoi
• Inhibition and induction of CYP enzymes in humans: an updatePMCdoi
• Introduction to Pharmacokinetics: Four Steps in a Drug's Journey Through the Bodysearch
• Medical Pharmacology: Pharmacokineticssearch
• Non-CYP Mediated Metabolism - EvotecEvotecsearch
• Non-CYP Phase 1 Metabolite synthesis - Hypha DiscoveryHypha Discoverysearch
• Overview of Pharmacokinetics - Clinical PharmacologyMSD Manualdoi
• Pharmacogenomics of CYP2D6 — Knowledge Hub - Genomics Education ProgrammeGenomics Education Programmesearch
• PharmacokineticsWikipediadoi
• Pharmacokinetics in Older Adults - GeriatricsMSD Manualdoi
• Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Function - FDAFDAsearch
• Pharmacokinetics of Drug Absorptionsearch
• Pharmacokinetics of drugs: newborn perspective - Pediatric MedicinePediatric Medicinedoi
• Pharmacokinetics - Basic Considerations - SRM UniversitySRM Universitysearch
• Pharmacokinetics: ADME Overview - Principles of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics - Cambridge University PressCambridge University Presssearch
• Pharmacokinetics: An Overview of Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretionsearch
• Phase II Drug Metabolism - Publikace UTBPublikace UTBdoi
• Plasma Drug Concentration-Time Profile - Pharmacokinetics Explained - BiopharmaceuticsBiopharmaceuticssearch
• Population Pharmacokinetics Guidance for Industry February 2022 - FDAFDAsearch
• Principles of Pharmacokinetics - Holland-Frei Cancer MedicineNCBIdoi
• The Bioavailability of Drugs — The Current State of KnowledgeMDPIdoi
• The Pharmacokinetics of Enterohepatic Circulation - University Digital ConservancyUniversity Digital Conservancysearch
• The Role of Phase I and Phase II Metabolic Pathways in Pharmacokineticssearch
• Understanding drug-drug interaction and pharmacogenomic changes in pharmacokinetics for metabolized drugsPMCdoi
• Passive Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, and Endocytosis/Exocytosis - Dr.OracleDr.Oraclesearch
• What are the factors affecting the bioavailability of oral drugs? - Patsnap SynapsePatsnap Synapsesearch
• What is pharmacokinetics? | Pharmaceutical PressPharmaceutical Presssearch

The models behind receptor binding, efficacy, and biased agonism.

• 100 years of modelling ligand–receptor binding and response: A focus on GPCRsdoi
• A Biased View of μ-Opioid Receptors?PMCdoi
• A binding question: the evolution of the receptor conceptPMCdoi
• A mutation-induced activated state of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Extending the ternary complex modelPubMeddoi
• A Pharmacological Primer of Biased AgonismPMCdoi
• A Practical Guide to Approaching Biased Agonism at G Protein Coupled ReceptorsPMCdoi
• A Receptor Model With Binding Affinity, Activation Efficacy, and Signal Amplification ParametersFrontiersdoi
• A three-parameter two-state model of receptor function that incorporates affinity, efficacy, and signal amplificationPMCdoi
• Biased agonism: An emerging paradigm in GPCR drug discoveryPMCdoi
• Biased ligand quantification in drug discovery: from theory to high throughput screeningPMCdoi
• Desensitization and models of receptor-channel activationPMCdoi
• Discovery of the First Neurotransmitter Receptor: The Acetylcholine Nicotinic ReceptorPMCdoi
• Functional Studies Cast Light on Receptor StatesPMCdoi
• Intrinsic activityWikipediadoi
• Ligand competition assays indicate allosterism and insufficiency of the ternary complex model - Dove Medical PressDove Medical Pressdoi
• Positive allosteric modulation of a GPCR ternary complex - bioRxivbioRxivdoi
• Receptor theoryWikipediadoi
• Receptor theory of drug action - Deranged PhysiologyDeranged Physiologysearch
• Schild AnalysisBohriumsearch
• Schild equationWikipediadoi
• Some implications of receptor theory for in vivo assessment of agonists, antagonists and inverse agonistsPMCdoi
• Stephenson, affinity and efficacy: 50 years on - OneMolOneMolsearch
• The insulin and IGF-1 receptors - Novo Nordisk PharmatechNovo Nordisk Pharmatechsearch
• The Two-State Dimer Receptor Modeldoi
• Theoretical Aspects of GPCR–Ligand Complex Pharmacology | Chemical ReviewsChemical Reviewsdoi

Brain anatomy, the blood-brain barrier, transporters, biomarkers, and pharmacogenomics.

• Receptor Downregulation and Desensitization Enhance the Information Processing Ability of Signaling ReceptorsResearchGatedoi
• Anatomy of the Brain - AANSAANSdoi
• Application of Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Delivery: Development and ChallengesPMCdoi
• Basic Concepts in Population Modeling, Simulation, and Model-Based Drug Development — Part 2PMCdoi
• Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseasesPMCdoi
• Blood-brain barrier transporters: A translational consideration for CNS delivery of neurotherapeuticsPMCdoi
• Brain Anatomy | Mayfield Brain & SpineMayfield Brain & Spinesearch
• Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works | Johns Hopkins MedicineJohns Hopkins Medicinesearch
• Brain: Parts, Function, How It Works & Conditions - Cleveland ClinicCleveland Clinicsearch
• Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative DNA Damage and RepairPMCdoi
• Determining the safety of a Drug - ToxTutorToxTutorsearch
• ED50StatPearlsdoi
• Effect of P-glycoprotein Inducers on Exposure of P-gp Substrates: Review of Clinical DDI StudiesPMCdoi
• Efflux transporters in blood-brain interfaces of the developing brainFrontiersdoi
• Homologous desensitizationWikipediadoi
• Margin of Safety in Pharmacology: Definition & EquationStudy.comsearch
• Molecular mechanisms of drug influx and efflux transport at the blood-brain barrier - J-StageJ-Stagedoi
• Narrow therapeutic index drugs: a clinical pharmacological consideration to flecainidedoi
• Oxidative Stress: Molecular Mechanisms, Diseases, and Therapeutic TargetsPMCdoi
• P-glycoprotein and its role in drug-drug interactions - Australian PrescriberAustralian Prescriberdoi
• Pharmacogenomics Analysis of Genetic Variants Influencing Drug Responsedoi
• Pharmacogenomics OverviewStatPearlsdoi
• Physiology, BrainStatPearlsdoi
• Physiology, Cellular ReceptorsStatPearlsdoi
• Receptor Pharmacogenomics: Deciphering Genetic Influence on Drug Responsedoi
• Research priorities in biomarkers and surrogate end-pointsPMCdoi
• Response Biomarker - BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools)NCBIdoi
• Second MessengersPMCdoi
• Setting and Implementing Standards for Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs - FDAFDAdoi
• Signal transduction and second messengersResearchGatedoi
• Targeting Transporters for Drug Delivery to the Brain: Can We Do Better?PMCdoi
• The Role of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model (PBPK) in Risk AssessmentPMCdoi
• The Synergy of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacokinetics in Drug Development - Incite HealthIncite Healthsearch
• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - myadlm.orgmyadlm.orgsearch
• Therapeutic indexWikipediadoi
• Toxicodynamics: Mechanistic Insights into Cellular and Molecular Responses to Toxicantssearch
• Transporters at CNS Barrier Sites: Obstacles or Opportunities for Drug Delivery?PMCdoi
• Types of receptors and signaling mechanismsFiveablesearch
• Use of Biomarkers in Drug Development for Regulatory PurposesPMCdoi

Cognitive enhancers, memory, and the pharmacology of nootropics.

• Piracetam and other structurally related nootropicsPubMeddoi
• Pyrrolidone derivatives (racetam nootropics)PubMeddoi
• Innovative mechanisms of action for pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement: A systematic reviewPubMeddoi
• Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive EnhancementPubMeddoi
• Combinatory Approaches Targeting Cognitive Impairments and Memory Enhancement: A ReviewPubMeddoi
• Peptides Acting as Cognitive EnhancersPubMeddoi
• Pharmacological cognitive enhancement in pediatricsPubMeddoi
• Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?PubMeddoi
• The cognitive neuroscience of working memoryPubMeddoi
• Dopamine and Cognitive Control in Prefrontal CortexPubMeddoi
• Dopamine modulation of learning and memory in the prefrontal cortex: insights from primates, rodents, and birdsPubMeddoi
• Molecular influences on working memory circuits in dorsolateral prefrontal cortexPubMeddoi
• Quantifying the inverted U: A meta-analysis of prefrontal dopamine, D1 receptors, and working memoryPubMeddoi
• Prefrontal Contributions to Attention and Working MemoryPubMeddoi

Neurotransmitter systems, synaptic plasticity, BDNF, and neurogenesis.

• The AMPA Receptor Code of Synaptic PlasticityPubMeddoi
• AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticityPubMeddoi
• Synaptic plasticity and AMPA receptor traffickingPubMeddoi
• GluA1-homomeric AMPA receptor in synaptic plasticity and neurological diseasesPubMeddoi
• Stress hormones and AMPA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and memoryPubMeddoi
• Synaptic memory and CaMKIIPubMeddoi
• BDNF and synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and dysfunctionPubMeddoi
• BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticityPubMeddoi
• BDNF and Hippocampal Synaptic PlasticityPubMeddoi
• Neurotrophic Factor BDNF: Physiological Functions and Therapeutic Potential in Depression, Neurodegeneration and Brain CancerPubMeddoi
• Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer's disease and its pharmaceutical potentialPubMeddoi
• Synapse RegulationPubMeddoi
• Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroplasticity and Brain Function: A Systematic ReviewPubMeddoi
• The cholinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer's diseasePubMeddoi
• Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System and MemoryPubMeddoi
• Cholinergic modulation of spatial learning, memory and navigationPubMeddoi
• The cholinergic system and spatial learningPubMeddoi
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and learning and memory deficits in neuroinflammatory diseasesPubMeddoi
• The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiencesPubMeddoi
• Neurogenesis in the Adult HippocampusPubMeddoi
• An Overview of Adult NeurogenesisPubMeddoi
• Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive flexibility — linking memory and moodPubMeddoi
• Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its impairment in Alzheimer's diseasePubMeddoi
• The relationship between adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's diseasePubMeddoi
• Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depressionPubMeddoi
• Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortexPubMeddoi

Foundational neuroscience and pharmacology texts.

• Neuron Structure and Function (Henley)Henleysearch
• Neuronal Communication (Henley)Henleysearch
• Nervous System Organization (Henley)Henleysearch
• Sensory Systems (Henley)Henleysearch
• Motor System (Henley)Henleysearch
• Behavior (Henley)Henleysearch
• A Pharmacology Primersearch

Supporting anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry references.

• Gray's Anatomysearch
• Costanzo Physiologysearch
• Lehninger Principles of Biochemistrysearch
• Molecular Biology of the Cellsearch