Immune: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

KLOW

KLOW is a premium four-peptide recovery blend that unites the celebrated GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 trio with the anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV, addressing skin, gut, and connective-tissue repair alongside inflammation in one formulation. Each component contributes a distinct and complementary mechanism: GHK-Cu drives collagen and skin remodeling, BPC-157 supports tendon, ligament, and gut-lining repair, TB-500 promotes cell migration and new blood-vessel growth, and KPV calms the inflammatory signaling that slows healing. For anyone seeking a comprehensive, research-grounded approach to tissue recovery, KLOW is among the most complete blends available.

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Nootropic

American Ginseng

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a slow-growing perennial herb of the ivy family, native to the hardwood forests of eastern North America and prized for its aromatic root. It has been harvested and traded for centuries, especially for export to East Asia, where it is used in traditional medicine and valued as a tonic distinct in character from Asian ginseng. Its roots contain ginsenosides, and modern research has examined it for effects on blood sugar, cognition, cancer-related fatigue, and the common cold [1][2].

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Supplement

Bromelain

Bromelain is a mixture of sulfhydryl (cysteine) proteases and associated non-proteolytic components extracted mainly from the stem and fruit of the pineapple, Ananas comosus. Its anti-inflammatory activity is linked both to its proteolytic action and to downregulation of the NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and prostaglandins. Beyond its long-standing use as an oral supplement for inflammation, digestion and rheumatic complaints, a concentrated bromelain-based preparation (NexoBrid) is an approved agent for rapid, selective enzymatic debridement of deep burn eschar, reducing the need for surgical excision and skin grafting. Additional research has explored anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties, although clinical evidence for many of these uses remains preliminary.

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Adaptogen

Chaga Mushroom

Chaga is the common name for Inonotus obliquus, a fungus that grows as a hard, blackened mass on birch and other trees in the cold forests of the Northern Hemisphere [1]. Although its charred-looking growth resembles burnt wood, it is actually a sterile mass of fungal tissue rich in melanin, and it has a long history in folk medicine across Russia and northern Europe, where it is often brewed as a tea [1][2]. Modern laboratory research has examined chaga extracts and their polysaccharides for antioxidant, immune, and anticancer activity, but strong clinical evidence in people is lacking, and its very high oxalate content raises safety concerns with heavy or prolonged use [1][2][3].

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Alkaloid

Colchicine

Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory medication and a natural alkaloid extracted from the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) [1][2]. It has been used since antiquity for joint pain and is best known today as a treatment for gout, as well as for familial Mediterranean fever, pericarditis and, more recently, cardiovascular disease [1][3]. It works by binding tubulin and blocking the assembly of microtubules, which quietens several arms of the inflammatory response, and it appears on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines [1][2].

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Adaptogen

Cordyceps

Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi that live as parasites of insects and other arthropods, with more than 200 described species distributed mainly across Asia. The genus is best known for the caterpillar fungus, long placed here but now reclassified as Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and for the type species Cordyceps militaris, both of which feature prominently in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine. Interest in these fungi centers on bioactive constituents such as the nucleoside cordycepin and various polysaccharides, though rigorous human evidence for health claims remains limited.

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Peptide

Crystagen

Crystagen is a short synthetic peptide from the Khavinson family of bioregulators, directed at the immune system and studied for its ability to help sustain immune defenses during aging [1]. In research on the aging spleen it acted on B-cells, part of a broader effort to keep immune signaling steadier as the body grows older [1]. For those assembling a peptide-based longevity routine, Crystagen offers a targeted, low-burden way to support immune resilience.

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Supplement

D-Mannose

D-mannose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) closely related to glucose, of which it is a C-2 epimer, and it occurs naturally in many fruits and as a building block of the sugar chains attached to proteins in the body. It plays a normal part in human metabolism and in protein glycosylation, and the body can make its own supply from glucose. As a supplement, D-mannose is best known for its use against recurrent urinary tract infections, where it is thought to stop bacteria from sticking to the bladder wall, although high-quality trial evidence for this use is mixed.

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Supplement

DIM

3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is the principal acid-condensation product of indole-3-carbinol, formed in the stomach from glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and kale. Its most studied action is as a selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulator: by engaging the AhR and interacting with estrogen receptor signaling, it influences cytochrome P450 enzymes that direct estrogen metabolism, favoring the 2-hydroxylation pathway over more proliferative metabolites. This dual AhR and estrogen-receptor activity underlies its investigation as a candidate in cancer chemoprevention, alongside reports of antiproliferative and even neuroprotective effects in cell models. The evidence remains largely preclinical and concentration-dependent, with some studies noting that low concentrations can paradoxically stimulate estrogen-receptor-positive cell growth, so its clinical role as a dietary supplement is still being defined.

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Supplement

Elderberry

Elderberry is the dark purple fruit of the elder shrub Sambucus nigra, used in folk medicine and sold as a supplement, syrup, or lozenge for colds and influenza. It is rich in anthocyanin pigments and other polyphenols with antioxidant activity. Clinical studies of its effect on respiratory infections have given conflicting results, and it is marketed as a dietary supplement rather than an approved medicine.

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Supplement

EPA

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, designated 20:5(n-3), found mainly in oily fish, fish oil, and certain microalgae. It is incorporated into cell membranes and serves as a precursor to signaling molecules that regulate inflammation, blood clotting, and immune function. A highly purified prescription form has been shown to lower cardiovascular risk in people with elevated triglycerides.

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Supplement

Ergothioneine

Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid derived from histidine. It is produced only by certain fungi, mycobacteria, and cyanobacteria, yet it accumulates to relatively high levels in animals, including humans, who obtain it entirely from the diet. Mushrooms are the richest common food source. Studied mainly for its antioxidant and cell-protective properties, it is sold as a dietary supplement, although its precise physiological role in humans is not yet firmly established.

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Nootropic

Fisetin

Fisetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid, specifically a flavonol, found in fruits and vegetables such as strawberries, apples and onions. It is a yellow plant pigment that acts as an antioxidant and has drawn scientific interest for its potential effects on aging, including an ability to clear senescent cells. It is sold as a dietary supplement, though clinical evidence of benefit in humans remains limited.

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Supplement

Garlic Extract

Garlic extract is a concentrated preparation made from garlic (Allium sativum), a pungent bulb of the onion family that has served as both food and folk remedy for thousands of years. Its characteristic chemistry comes from sulfur-containing compounds, most notably allicin, which forms when the bulb is crushed [2]. Sold in forms such as garlic powder, garlic oil, and aged garlic extract, it is marketed as a dietary supplement, with research focusing chiefly on modest effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, and immunity [1].

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Supplement

Glutamine

Glutamine is an alpha-amino acid used in the building of proteins and is the most abundant free amino acid in human blood and muscle. Classified as conditionally essential, it can normally be made by the body but may become depleted during severe illness, injury, or intense stress, when dietary or supplemental intake becomes more important. Beyond its structural role in proteins, glutamine serves as a major carrier of nitrogen between tissues and as a fuel and biosynthetic precursor for rapidly dividing cells such as those of the intestine and immune system.

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Supplement

Iron

Iron is an essential mineral that every cell in the body needs, most famously as the core of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. It also forms part of myoglobin in muscle and of many enzymes involved in energy production and DNA synthesis. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world and the leading cause of anemia, while too much iron can be toxic, so the body tightly regulates how much it absorbs and stores.

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Supplement

Iron Bisglycinate

Iron bisglycinate, also called ferrous bisglycinate, is a form of dietary iron in which the iron is chemically bound, or chelated, to two molecules of the amino acid glycine. It is used as an oral iron supplement and in food fortification to prevent and treat iron deficiency, and it is often promoted as being better absorbed and gentler on the stomach than conventional iron salts such as ferrous sulfate. It is a chelated amino acid iron compound rather than a distinct drug.

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Antiparasitic

Ivermectin

Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic medication of the avermectin family, a group of macrocyclic lactones derived from a soil bacterium. It is used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat and control a range of roundworm and external-parasite infections, including river blindness, strongyloidiasis, and scabies [1][2]. Its discovery was recognized with a share of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, reflecting its impact on tropical disease worldwide [1].

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Supplement

Lactoferrin

Lactoferrin is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family, found most abundantly in milk and especially in colostrum. It also occurs in tears, saliva, and other secretions and is stored in the white blood cells called neutrophils, forming part of the body's first-line defenses. Best known for its ability to bind iron and for a broad range of antimicrobial and immune-regulating actions, it is added to some infant formulas and sold as a supplement studied mainly for infection and immune support.

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Peptide

Livagen

Livagen is a short synthetic peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) from the Khavinson family of bioregulator peptides, studied for its intriguing ability to influence gene activity in aging cells. Published work reports that it can decondense tightly packed chromatin and reactivate ribosomal genes in immune cells from elderly donors, a striking demonstration of epigenetic effects from a tiny molecule. For those following the frontier of peptide-based longevity research, Livagen is one of the more thought-provoking bioregulators.

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Supplement

Lysine

Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it and must obtain it from food. In its biologically active L-form it is a building block of proteins and is needed for the cross-linking of collagen and for the production of carnitine. It is plentiful in meat, eggs, and legumes, is added to animal feed on a large scale, and is sold as a supplement, including for the popular but poorly supported use against cold sores.

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Supplement

N-Acetyl Glucosamine

N-Acetyl Glucosamine (GlcNAc) is an acetylated derivative of the amino sugar glucosamine and a fundamental building block in biology, forming part of chitin, glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and the glycans attached to many proteins. It occurs naturally in the body and in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, and it is sold as a dietary supplement that is chemically distinct from ordinary glucosamine. Research has examined it in inflammatory bowel disease and, more recently, as an oral modulator of immune glycosylation in multiple sclerosis, although human evidence remains modest.

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Adaptogen

Nigella Sativa

Nigella sativa is an annual flowering plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), native to parts of western Asia and southeastern Europe and best known for its small black seeds, sold under names such as black seed, black cumin, and kalonji. The seeds have served for millennia as a culinary spice and as a fixture of traditional medicine across the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. Their most studied constituent is thymoquinone, a compound concentrated in the seed's volatile oil. Laboratory work has documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, though high-quality clinical evidence that the seed or its oil treats human disease remains limited.

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Bioregulator

Prostatilen

Prostatilen is a peptide preparation isolated from the prostate glands of cattle, used mainly in Russia and neighbouring countries as a treatment for chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic enlargement. It belongs to a family of tissue-derived peptide bioregulators and is usually given as a rectal suppository. Research on the compound, most of it published in Russian-language journals, points to reductions in prostate swelling and improvements in urinary symptoms, though it has not been approved by regulators in the United States or the European Union.

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Immunomodulator

Rapamycin

Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a macrolide compound isolated from a soil bacterium found on Easter Island (Rapa Nui), where it was first identified as an antifungal. It inhibits the mTOR pathway, a central regulator of cell growth and autophagy, giving it immunosuppressant and antiproliferative properties used clinically to prevent transplant rejection, to coat coronary stents, and to treat certain rare diseases. It has drawn wide scientific interest as the only drug shown to extend lifespan in every model species tested, an effect that is dose- and sex-dependent, and a short course of mTOR inhibition has even been reported to rejuvenate the aging immune system in older adults.

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Adaptogen

Reishi

Reishi, known in China as lingzhi and scientifically as Ganoderma lucidum and related species, is a woody polypore mushroom native to East Asia. It has been used in Chinese and other East Asian traditional medicine for more than two thousand years, where it was sometimes called the mushroom of immortality. Its most studied constituents are triterpenoids known as ganoderic acids and cell-wall polysaccharides such as beta-glucans.

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Retinoid

Retinol

Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin and the alcohol form of vitamin A, essential for vision, immune function, skin, and the regulation of gene activity. It is obtained from animal foods such as liver, eggs, and dairy, while plant carotenoids serve as precursors the body can convert. Widely used in dermatology and cosmetics, it is beneficial in normal amounts but toxic in excess, and is a known cause of birth defects when overconsumed during pregnancy.

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Supplement

S-Acetyl Glutathione

S-Acetyl Glutathione is an acetylated form of glutathione, the body's principal intracellular antioxidant. It is used as a dietary supplement intended to raise glutathione levels, and the acetyl group is meant to make the molecule more stable and better absorbed than ordinary glutathione when taken by mouth. Once inside cells the acetyl group is removed, releasing active glutathione.

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Supplement

Saccharomyces Boulardii

Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast used to support gut health and to prevent and treat several kinds of diarrhea. Genetically it is a strain of the baking and brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, though it grows well at human body temperature and behaves distinctly from ordinary strains. It is taken by mouth as a supplement or medicine and is best known for reducing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

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Supplement

Sea Moss

Sea moss is a red seaweed (Chondrus crispus, the true Irish moss, plus Gracilaria species often sold under the same name) that people soak into a jelly-like "gel" and stir into smoothies, or take as capsules and in blends with bladderwrack and burdock root. It is a genuine whole-food source of iodine and trace minerals, and it sets into that pudding texture thanks to a gel-forming seaweed fiber; in true Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) that fiber is carrageenan, while in the golden Gracilaria type most commonly sold today it is agar (a different gelling polysaccharide from the same red-algae family). Social media sells it hard for thyroid, immunity, gut, and skin, usually with a "92 minerals" hook; the honest read is that it is a decent mineral-and-iodine food with real but modest support, and most of the specific disease claims are traditional or anecdotal rather than proven. Its iodine is the double-edged part; helpful if you are low, but a problem in excess.

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Supplement

Selenium

Selenium is an essential trace element required in small amounts for human health, where it is built into a family of proteins called selenoproteins. These selenoproteins, which include the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and the deiodinases that regulate thyroid hormone, give selenium roles in antioxidant defense, immune function, and thyroid metabolism. Its relationship with health follows a U-shaped curve, since both deficiency and excess are harmful.

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Bioregulator

Thymalin

Thymalin is a polypeptide preparation extracted from the thymus gland of calves, developed in the Soviet Union and Russia and used as an immunomodulator. It is a mixture of small thymic peptides intended to restore and regulate immune function, particularly the maturation and activity of T lymphocytes [2]. Studied and marketed chiefly in Russia and neighboring countries as an immunocorrector and geroprotector, Thymalin is given by injection and is not an approved medicine in the United States or the European Union [1][2].

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Mushroom

Tiger Milk Mushroom

Tiger Milk Mushroom is a polypore from Malaysia and neighbouring parts of South East Asia, and the part sold is the sclerotium, a dense underground storage body rather than the cap. Indigenous communities in Malaysia have used it for cough, asthma and general stamina for centuries, and the name comes from the story that it grows where a tigress dripped milk. It was effectively unbuyable until the 2010s because it could not be farmed; wild sclerotia were rare enough to be a luxury item. A Malaysian company then succeeded in cultivating it by solid-state fermentation, which is why almost every product on the market is the same cultivar, TM02, and why almost every study names that cultivar too.

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Adaptogen

Trekrezan

Trekrezan is a Russian actoprotector and adaptogen (a synthetic agent that raises the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, thermal, and hypoxic stress) that also acts as an immunomodulator and antioxidant. Chemically it is tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium 2-methylphenoxyacetate, the triethanolamine salt of ortho-cresoxyacetic acid (molecular formula C15H25NO6), and the same active substance is marketed in agriculture and microbiology under the name Crezacin. It was developed by the school of academician Mikhail Voronkov at the Irkutsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and has been studied primarily in rodent models with a smaller body of human cold-exposure data. Rather than binding a single receptor, Trekrezan is characterized as an energy-stabilizing, meteoadaptogenic compound that shifts stressed tissue metabolism back toward aerobic ATP production, strengthens enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, and modulates humoral immunity and hematopoiesis.

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Bile Acid

UDCA

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a hydrophilic bile acid, originally identified in bear bile, used chiefly to treat primary biliary cholangitis and to dissolve certain cholesterol gallstones. It improves cholestatic liver biochemistry by enriching the bile acid pool with a less cytotoxic, more water-loving species and by protecting cholangiocytes and hepatocytes, while its taurine conjugate acts as a chemical chaperone that relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and reduces apoptosis. These properties underlie growing interest in UDCA and its conjugates as neuroprotective and metabolic agents, including disease-modifying trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In a notable repurposing discovery, UDCA was shown to downregulate the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 by inhibiting the farnesoid X receptor, reducing infection across organoids, animals and human tissues; the drug appears on the World Health Organization list of essential medicines.

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Peptide

VIP

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that signals through the G-protein-coupled receptors VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1, functioning as a potent vasodilator, bronchodilator, and broad anti-inflammatory regulator; in the central nervous system it suppresses tumor necrosis factor alpha production by activated microglia through a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway. A defining and comparatively unusual role is its function as the principal synchronizing signal of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, where VIP released from retinorecipient neurons couples and entrains the master circadian clock via ERK1/2 signaling. In the lung VIP protects alveolar type II cells and dampens cytokine release, which motivated clinical study of the synthetic form aviptadil in COVID-19 respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension, though large randomized trials such as TESICO did not establish clear survival benefit. Its pleiotropic, homeostatic actions across neural, immune, vascular, and reproductive tissues make it a widely investigated biological regulator.

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Supplement

Vitamin C

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble essential nutrient that humans cannot synthesize; it acts as an antioxidant and as a cofactor for iron- and copper-dependent enzymes, including the prolyl hydroxylases required for collagen synthesis and the TET dioxygenases and histone demethylases that shape the epigenome. At the millimolar plasma concentrations achievable only by intravenous infusion, ascorbate paradoxically behaves as a pro-oxidant, generating hydrogen peroxide that selectively stresses tumor cells; in KRAS or BRAF mutant colorectal cells, uptake of the oxidized form depletes glutathione and inactivates GAPDH, producing a lethal energetic crisis. High-dose intravenous ascorbate is therefore under active investigation as an adjunct in oncology and, through restoration of TET2 activity, in certain hematologic malignancies, whereas randomized trials such as LOVIT have tempered enthusiasm for its routine use in sepsis. Chronic dietary deficiency causes scurvy, reflecting the vitamin's indispensable role in connective-tissue integrity.

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Supplement

Vitamin D3

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble secosteroid synthesized in the skin under ultraviolet B light and obtained from a few foods, becoming biologically active only after sequential hydroxylation in the liver and kidney to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). Beyond its classical control of calcium absorption and bone mineralization, calcitriol acts through the nuclear vitamin D receptor to regulate hundreds of target genes and to epigenetically program monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells; immune cells can generate the active hormone locally to induce antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin and to trigger autophagy against intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the large VITAL randomized trial, several years of supplementation modestly reduced the incidence of autoimmune disease and of advanced or fatal cancer, while showing largely neutral effects on major cardiovascular events. Prolonged deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and the vitamin appears on the World Health Organization list of essential medicines.

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Supplement

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is the collective name for a group of eight fat-soluble compounds, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, of which alpha-tocopherol is the form the body preferentially retains and the one with the greatest vitamin activity. Its principal role is as a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage by free radicals. Vitamin E is found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green vegetables, and dietary deficiency is rare, usually resulting from disorders of fat absorption rather than low intake.

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Supplement

Zinc Picolinate

Zinc picolinate is a dietary supplement form of the essential mineral zinc, in which zinc is bound to picolinic acid, a natural metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan. Like other zinc supplements it is used to help meet zinc requirements and to correct or prevent zinc deficiency. It is often promoted for having good intestinal absorption, a claim supported by some, though limited, human research.

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Corticosteroid

Hydrocortisone Acetate

Hydrocortisone acetate is the acetate ester of hydrocortisone (cortisol), a glucocorticoid corticosteroid used mainly as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent. It is applied to the skin for irritation, itching and eczema, given rectally for hemorrhoid symptoms, and injected into joints or soft tissue to calm inflammation. Adding an acetate group at the steroid's 21-position slows its breakdown and changes how readily it is absorbed.

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Antiparasitic

Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is an aminoquinoline drug, the sulfate salt of hydroxychloroquine, used both as an antimalarial and as a long-acting immunomodulator. Developed as a less toxic relative of chloroquine, it is a mainstay treatment for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, and it is also used to prevent and treat malaria caused by susceptible parasites. It is taken by mouth and is best known under the brand name Plaquenil.

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Antiviral

Imiquimod

Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier of the imidazoquinoline class that works as an agonist of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Applied as a skin cream, it is used to treat external genital warts, actinic keratosis, and superficial basal cell carcinoma by prompting the body's own immune system to attack abnormal or virus-infected cells. It was first approved in 1997 and is marketed under the brand name Aldara among others.

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Antineoplastic

Methotrexate

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite drug of the antifolate class used both as a cancer chemotherapy agent and, in much lower doses, as an immune-modulating treatment for autoimmune disease. By interfering with the body's use of folate, it blocks the synthesis of DNA and slows the growth of rapidly dividing cells, which underlies its use against several cancers. At low weekly doses it is a first-line disease-modifying drug for rheumatoid arthritis and is also used in psoriasis, other autoimmune conditions, and to end ectopic and molar pregnancies.

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Corticosteroid

Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, a corticosteroid drug used to suppress inflammation and calm an overactive immune system. Sold under brand names such as Medrol, Solu-Medrol, and Depo-Medrol, it is prescribed for a wide range of conditions including severe allergic reactions, asthma flares, autoimmune diseases, and relapses of multiple sclerosis, as well as to prevent transplant rejection. It acts on the glucocorticoid receptor to alter the activity of many genes involved in the immune and inflammatory response, and it appears on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines.

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Antiviral

Oseltamivir

Oseltamivir is an antiviral medication of the neuraminidase inhibitor class, used to treat and to help prevent influenza caused by type A and type B viruses. Taken by mouth as a prodrug, it is converted in the body to its active form, oseltamivir carboxylate, which blocks the influenza enzyme neuraminidase and so hinders the release and spread of new virus particles. Marketed under the brand name Tamiflu and approved in 1999, it is most useful when started within the first day or two of symptoms, and the size of its benefit, particularly for otherwise healthy people, has been the subject of considerable debate.

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Corticosteroid

Prednisolone

Prednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid (a glucocorticoid) with strong anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressing effects. It is used across a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and it is the active form into which the related drug prednisone is converted in the body. Listed by the World Health Organization as an essential medicine, it is widely available as an inexpensive generic in oral, injectable and eye-drop forms.

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Immunomodulator

Tacrolimus

Tacrolimus, originally known as FK-506, is a macrolide immunosuppressant of the calcineurin-inhibitor class. It was discovered in the 1980s from a soil bacterium and is used mainly to prevent rejection after organ transplantation and, as an ointment, to treat eczema. By blocking a signaling pathway in T cells, it suppresses the immune responses that would otherwise attack transplanted tissue.

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Blend

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate + Emtricitabine

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate + Emtricitabine is a fixed-dose antiretroviral combination, sold under the brand name Truvada and as many generics, that unites two nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors active against HIV. Emtricitabine is a cytidine analogue, while tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an orally absorbed prodrug of the adenine nucleotide analogue tenofovir; together they block the enzyme HIV uses to copy its genetic material. The tablet is taken once daily, both as part of combination treatment for HIV infection and, since 2012, as pre-exposure prophylaxis to lower the risk of acquiring HIV [1][2].

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Immunomodulator

Tofacitinib

Tofacitinib is a small-molecule Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor used to treat several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis [1]. Taken by mouth, it dampens overactive immune signaling by blocking enzymes inside cells that relay cytokine messages [2]. Developed by Pfizer and first approved in the United States in 2012, it is marketed chiefly as Xeljanz and carries boxed safety warnings.

2 outlets

Corticosteroid

Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, a class of corticosteroid hormone used to lower inflammation and dampen overactive immune responses. Patented in 1956 and introduced for medical use in 1958, it is roughly five times as potent as cortisol while producing little salt-retaining mineralocorticoid activity. It is prescribed across dermatology, rheumatology, allergy and respiratory medicine, most often in the form of its longer-acting ester, triamcinolone acetonide.

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Peptide

KPV

KPV is a naturally occurring tripeptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence (lysine-proline-valine) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and it retains much of the parent hormone's anti-inflammatory activity in a minimal fragment. It appears to act at least partly independently of classical melanocortin-1 receptor signaling; after entering cells, including intestinal epithelium via the di/tripeptide transporter PepT1, it inhibits NF-kB and related pro-inflammatory cascades and lowers cytokine production. In murine models of colitis, KPV promotes earlier recovery and reduces mucosal inflammation, and it has become a frequent payload for nanoparticle and hydrogel delivery systems aimed at inflammatory bowel disease. Its small size, oral stability and targeted mechanism have made it a widely studied candidate for gastrointestinal and dermatological inflammatory conditions.

6 outlets

Peptide

ARA-290

ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the helix-B region of erythropoietin, engineered to trigger erythropoietin's tissue-protective and repair signaling without stimulating red blood cell production. Acting through the innate repair receptor, it reduces inflammation and promotes nerve and tissue healing, and in controlled trials in sarcoidosis patients it improved neuropathic pain and regrew small nerve fibers in the cornea and skin [1][2]. It is an investigational peptide with a notably clean safety profile, of particular interest for small-fiber neuropathy and metabolic and inflammatory conditions [3].

5 outlets

Peptide

LL-37

LL-37 is the human body's own frontline defense peptide, the sole human member of the cathelicidin family, produced naturally to fight infection and drive healing. It disrupts microbial membranes to clear pathogens, promotes wound re-epithelialization and new blood-vessel growth, and fine-tunes immune signaling, making it a remarkably multifunctional molecule. Harnessing a defender the body already trusts, LL-37 is a genuinely potent and fascinating subject of research into infection, tissue repair, and inflammation.

4 outlets

Peptide

Vilon

Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide made of the amino acids lysine and glutamic acid (Lys-Glu). It is one of the short peptide bioregulators developed in Russia and is described as a thymus-associated immunomodulatory peptide intended to support immune function, particularly in aging. Most of the research on it comes from Russian laboratories, and it is not an approved medicine in Western countries.

2 outlets

Peptide

Thymagen

Thymagen, also transliterated as Thymogen, is a synthetic thymus-derived peptide used as an immunomodulator, developed in the Soviet Union and Russia as part of a family of short peptide bioregulators. It is a dipeptide made of the amino acids glutamic acid and tryptophan (glutamyl-tryptophan), designed to reproduce the immune-stimulating activity of the thymus gland [3][4]. Given mainly by nasal or injectable routes, it has been studied and used chiefly in Russia and neighboring countries to support immune function in infections, immunodeficiency, and the perioperative and aging settings; it is not an approved medicine in the United States or the European Union [2][3].

3 outlets

Adaptogen

Agaricus Blazei

Agaricus blazei is an edible mushroom, more correctly known by the scientific name Agaricus subrufescens, that is used both as food and as a traditional health supplement. Native to the Americas and widely cultivated in Brazil and Japan, it is prized for its almond-like aroma and marketed under names such as almond mushroom and royal sun agaricus. It contains polysaccharides including beta-glucans that are the focus of research into immune and liver effects, though strong clinical evidence for medicinal benefit remains limited.

Immune

KLOW

American Ginseng

Bromelain

Chaga Mushroom

Colchicine

Cordyceps

Crystagen

D-Mannose

DIM

Elderberry

EPA

Ergothioneine

Fisetin

Garlic Extract

Glutamine

Iron

Iron Bisglycinate

Ivermectin

Lactoferrin

Livagen

Lysine

N-Acetyl Glucosamine

Nigella Sativa

Prostatilen

Rapamycin

Reishi

Retinol

S-Acetyl Glutathione

Saccharomyces Boulardii

Sea Moss

Selenium

Thymalin

Tiger Milk Mushroom

Trekrezan

UDCA

VIP

Vitamin C

Vitamin D3

Vitamin E

Zinc Picolinate

Hydrocortisone Acetate

Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate

Imiquimod

Methotrexate

Methylprednisolone

Oseltamivir

Prednisolone

Tacrolimus

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate + Emtricitabine

Tofacitinib

Triamcinolone

KPV

ARA-290

LL-37

Vilon

Thymagen

Agaricus Blazei

Agarikon Mushroom

Akkermansia

Aloe Vera

Amycenone

Amylase

Andrographis

Artemisinin

Ashitaba

Astragaloside IV

Astragalus

Astragalus Polysaccharides

ATX-GD-59

Baicalin

Beta-Carotene

Beta-Caryophyllene

Beta-Glucans

Bone Broth Protein

Boswellia

Carvacrol

Cat's Claw

Chlorella

Chlorophyll