Mitochondria: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), also known as levacecarnine, is the acetylated form of the amino-acid derivative L-carnitine. It occurs naturally in the body, where it participates in mitochondrial energy metabolism by helping transport fatty acids for breakdown and by supplying acetyl groups. Sold widely as a dietary supplement and used as a medicine in some countries, it has been studied for depression, nerve pain, and age-related cognitive decline.

3 outlets

Nootropic

DNSP-11

DNSP-11 is a synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide copied from the pro-region of GDNF, a natural protein that helps dopamine-producing brain cells survive. In rats and in a small group of monkeys it raised dopamine activity and protected dopamine neurons against chemical damage, which is why it is discussed as a possible Parkinson's disease treatment. The evidence is entirely animal and cell-culture work, almost all of it from a single laboratory at the University of Kentucky; no person has ever received it in a registered clinical trial, and the receptor it acts on has never been identified. Material sold online under this name is an unapproved research chemical with no human safety data behind it.

1 outlet

Nootropic

PQQ

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a small quinone compound that acts as a redox cofactor and antioxidant. First described in bacteria, where it serves as a cofactor for certain enzymes, it also occurs in trace amounts in many foods and in human tissues. It was proposed to be a new mammalian vitamin, a claim that remains debated, although dietary deprivation has been reported to impair growth, reproduction, and immune function in animals; it is also noted for stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1-alpha and for promoting nerve growth factor synthesis. It is sold as a dietary supplement and studied for effects on mitochondrial function and cognition, though it is not classed as an essential vitamin for humans.

2 outlets

Senolytic

Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid polyphenol produced by several plants as a defensive compound, or phytoalexin, in response to injury or infection. It occurs in the skins of grapes, in red wine, in peanuts, and in berries, and is extracted commercially from Japanese knotweed for use in supplements. It became widely known through research linking it to sirtuin enzymes and the so-called French paradox; in animal studies, activation of the SIRT1 and AMPK pathways induced mitochondrial biogenesis, increased running endurance, and protected against diet-induced metabolic disease. Its relevance in people remains uncertain, as oral bioavailability is very low and at least one trial found that it blunted the cardiovascular benefits of exercise training in older men.

2 outlets

Nootropic

Methylene Blue

Methylene Blue is a century-old phenothiazine compound that has been reinvented as one of the most intriguing metabolic and cognitive agents in modern research. At low concentrations it functions as a mitochondrial electron cycler, boosting cellular energy production while acting as an antioxidant, effects that underpin growing interest in brain performance and neuroprotection. Backed by an FDA-recognized clinical heritage in emergency medicine, it occupies a rare position bridging established pharmacology and frontier nootropic science.

5 outlets

Nootropic

J-147

J147 is an experimental neuroprotective compound that grew out of a curcumin-like scaffold, designed at the Salk Institute through phenotypic screens that mimic the aging brain rather than any single Alzheimer's protein. In mice it is potent, orally active, and brain-penetrant: it enhances memory, raises the neurotrophic factors BDNF and NGF, and can rescue cognition even when given late, after pathology is already advanced. Its molecular target was a mystery for years until 2018, when it was identified as the mitochondrial ATP synthase; gently modulating that enzyme flips on the AMPK/mTOR longevity pathway, tying Alzheimer's and ordinary brain aging to a shared mechanism. Crucially, essentially all of this is preclinical; a phase 1 safety study was reportedly initiated but no human efficacy results have been published. Treat J147 as a promising research compound, not a proven drug.

1 outlet

AMPK

ATX-304

ATX-304 is a direct, pan-AMPK activator, a small molecule that switches on AMP-activated protein kinase, the cell's master energy sensor and central regulator of metabolism. In preclinical studies it reprograms cellular metabolism toward fat oxidation and away from lipid synthesis, reducing body fat, cholesterol, and fatty liver, and it protects the kidney from injury by shifting energy metabolism [1][2]. As a next-generation metabolic activator it is an investigational compound of strong interest for obesity, fatty liver disease, and tissue protection, though it remains preclinical [2].

3 outlets

PPAR Modulator

Cardarine

Cardarine (GW501516) is a selective PPAR-delta agonist prized in research for its dramatic effects on endurance and fat metabolism. In animal studies it reprograms muscle toward fat-burning, oxidative fibers and markedly extends running capacity, earning it the nickname exercise mimetic. It remains one of the most studied metabolic research chemicals for endurance and lipid science.

3 outlets

Mitochondrial

ITPP

ITPP (myo-inositol trispyrophosphate) is a membrane-permeant allosteric effector of hemoglobin. Unlike the body's natural effectors, it crosses the red-cell membrane and binds within hemoglobin, lowering its oxygen affinity so that red cells release more oxygen into the tissues that need it most, an effect that adds to the physiological Bohr effect. In animal studies this raised hemoglobin's oxygen-release set point and substantially increased maximal exercise capacity in both healthy mice and mice with severe heart failure, and by relieving tissue hypoxia it also suppresses the hypoxia signal HIF-1-alpha and normalizes tumor blood vessels. It has drawn research interest across heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and oncology, and is also noted as an athletic doping agent.

2 outlets

Mitochondrial

Meldonium

Meldonium, marketed as Mildronate, is a clinically established anti-ischemic and cardioprotective agent engineered in Latvia to optimize how cells generate energy under metabolic stress. By restraining carnitine biosynthesis, it steers the heart toward more oxygen-efficient glucose metabolism, a property long valued in cardiovascular medicine and closely scrutinized in elite sport. Its distinctive metabolic profile has made it one of the most discussed performance modulators of the past decade.

3 outlets

Blend

GHK-Cu + Methylene Blue Tallow Balm

GHK-Cu + Methylene Blue Tallow Balm is a thoughtfully built topical that stacks three skin-loving actives in a single rub-on jar rather than a needle. The copper peptide GHK-Cu signals collagen and elastin renewal, low-dose methylene blue delivers standout antioxidant and mild antimicrobial support, and a nutrient-rich beef tallow base deeply hydrates while carrying the actives in. For anyone who wants repair, firmness, and antioxidant defense in one gentle, easy-to-use balm, this blend is a genuinely appealing pick.

1 outlet

Dermatological

JXL069

JXL069 is an experimental mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitor developed in the University of California, Los Angeles hair-biology program as a novel metabolic approach to hair loss [1][2]. By blocking pyruvate's entry into mitochondria, it pushes hair follicle stem cells toward glycolysis and lactate production, the metabolic switch that wakes these dormant cells and drives a new hair growth cycle [2]. It is closely related to PP405, a topical clinical candidate from the same line of research now advancing through trials for pattern hair loss, although JXL069 itself is sold as a research chemical [3].

1 outlet

Blend

Lipo-MIC + NAD+

Lipo-MIC + NAD+ is a lipotropic injectable that pairs the fat-metabolizing MIC nutrients (methionine, inositol, and choline) with NAD+, the coenzyme at the center of cellular energy production. The MIC compounds help the liver package and export fat rather than store it, while NAD+ fuels mitochondrial energy metabolism and activates sirtuins involved in fat handling. Combining lipid support with a foundational energy coenzyme, it is a modern take on the classic lipotropic injection for those pursuing fat loss and vitality.

1 outlet

Supplement

Carnosine

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide made of the amino acids beta-alanine and L-histidine, found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the brain. It acts inside cells chiefly as a pH buffer during intense exercise and as an antioxidant that also protects proteins from glycation. Because dietary beta-alanine is the limiting ingredient for making it, beta-alanine supplements are commonly used to raise muscle carnosine, and carnosine itself is sold as a supplement studied for exercise, aging, and neurological health.

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

CoQ10

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like molecule found in nearly every cell, and it is the only lipid-soluble antioxidant that mammals synthesize for themselves. Within the mitochondria it is the obligatory mobile carrier that shuttles electrons from Complexes I and II to Complex III of the respiratory chain, and it also protects membranes from oxidative damage. It has been studied most in cardiovascular disease, statin-associated muscle symptoms, migraine, and mitochondrial disorders; in the Q-SYMBIO trial, supplementation reduced major cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure, and primary CoQ10 deficiency is notable as one of the few mitochondrial disorders treatable by supplementation.

4 outlets

Adaptogen

Cordyceps

Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi that live as parasites of insects and other arthropods, with more than 200 described species distributed mainly across Asia. The genus is best known for the caterpillar fungus, long placed here but now reclassified as Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and for the type species Cordyceps militaris, both of which feature prominently in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine. Interest in these fungi centers on bioactive constituents such as the nucleoside cordycepin and various polysaccharides, though rigorous human evidence for health claims remains limited.

1 outlet

Supplement

D-Ribose

D-ribose is a five-carbon sugar (a pentose) that forms part of the backbone of RNA and of key energy and signaling molecules, including ATP and the coenzymes NAD and FAD. The body makes its own ribose from glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway, so it is not a dietary essential. As a supplement it is promoted for restoring cellular energy in conditions such as heart failure, chronic fatigue, and fibromyalgia, though the supporting clinical evidence is limited and preliminary.

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

DADA

DADA is diisopropylamine dichloroacetate, an old liver drug sold in Japan for decades as Liverall and also sold in the West under the discredited "vitamin B15" or pangamic acid label; it is a simple salt that separates in the body into diisopropylamine and dichloroacetate. The dichloroacetate half blocks an enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, which pushes cells away from making lactate and toward burning fuel in the mitochondria; that single mechanism is why nearly all recent work on it is cancer and immune metabolism research in mice and cell dishes. Human evidence is thin; the only controlled human trial found is a 2005 Chinese study in fatty liver disease that compared 60 mg and 120 mg per day against each other with no placebo group, so it cannot show the drug beats doing nothing. It is not a dopamine drug, has no reported activity at dopamine receptors, and no study of any kind was found testing it for memory, mood, focus, or athletic performance.

2 outlets

Flavonoid

EGCG

EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) is the most abundant and most studied catechin in green tea, a flavonoid polyphenol that accounts for much of the leaf's reputation for health. It is a strong antioxidant and metabolic modulator that shows up in the research on fat oxidation, cardiovascular and metabolic health, inflammation, and longevity. Most of its effects are hormetic (a mild stress the body adapts to), and the honest catch is that isolated high-dose EGCG on an empty stomach carries a rare liver-injury signal, so it is best taken with food.

1 outlet

Supplement

Ergothioneine

Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid derived from histidine. It is produced only by certain fungi, mycobacteria, and cyanobacteria, yet it accumulates to relatively high levels in animals, including humans, who obtain it entirely from the diet. Mushrooms are the richest common food source. Studied mainly for its antioxidant and cell-protective properties, it is sold as a dietary supplement, although its precise physiological role in humans is not yet firmly established.

2 outlets

Nootropic

Etifoxine

Etifoxine (brand name Stresam; also called etafenoxine) is a benzoxazine anxiolytic (an anti-anxiety drug from a chemical family unrelated to the benzodiazepines like Valium). It has been prescribed for the anxious, tense, physical side of stress mainly in France and a handful of other countries since the late 1970s, and it is not approved by the US FDA. What makes it interesting is a dual mechanism: it calms the brain both by directly tuning up GABA-A receptors and by nudging the body to make more of its own calming neurosteroids. In head-to-head trials it eased anxiety comparably to some benzodiazepines while causing less sedation, less memory and psychomotor impairment, and little rebound or dependence when stopped. It has also been explored beyond anxiety for helping injured peripheral nerves heal and for damping neuroinflammation (inflammation inside nervous tissue). The important caveat is safety: rare but serious liver injury and severe skin reactions have been reported.

1 outlet

Nootropic

Fursultiamine

Fursultiamine, also called TTFD, is a man-made form of vitamin B1 in which the vitamin is joined to a fatty side group, so it crosses membranes without needing the saturable transporter that caps how much ordinary thiamine the gut can absorb; once inside a cell the bond is cut and plain thiamine is released. It is an approved medicine in Japan, where it has been used since 1961 for beriberi, vitamin B1 deficiency and Wernicke encephalopathy, and for those jobs it works. The popular claims that it lifts energy, focus or mood in people who are not deficient rest on very thin evidence; there is one small crossover trial in athletes, one uncontrolled 12 week study in Alzheimer's patients and an open pilot in ten autistic children, with no modern randomised trial for any cognitive endpoint. It does have one genuinely non-vitamin action, blocking the hormone hepcidin at a cysteine on the iron exporter ferroportin, but that effect vanished in live mice because the compound breaks down to ordinary thiamine within about an hour.

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Nootropic

Hopantenic Acid

Hopantenic acid, best known by the Russian brand Pantogam and as its calcium salt calcium hopantenate, is a naturally occurring homologue of pantothenic acid in which the beta-alanine unit is replaced by GABA [1]. It is used in Russia and formerly in Japan as a gentle nootropic and mild anxiolytic-anticonvulsant, particularly in children with cognitive, behavioral and hyperkinetic problems [1][2]. Its effects are attributed to weak GABA-B-like modulation combined with support of neuronal metabolism, and the bulk of its clinical evidence is Russian rather than from large Western trials [1].

1 outlet

Peptide

Humanin

Humanin is a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide and one of the first signaling molecules found to be encoded within the mitochondrial genome rather than the nucleus, translated from a short open reading frame inside the 16S ribosomal RNA region. It was first identified in the surviving neurons of an Alzheimer's-affected brain as a rescue factor, and it is broadly cytoprotective; a well-characterized part of its anti-apoptotic action is that it directly binds the pro-death protein BAX and sequesters it away from the mitochondrial membrane. It has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity, protect the heart against ischemic injury, and correlate with longevity, with higher circulating levels in the offspring of centenarians, and it is studied as a target in aging and neurodegeneration.

3 outlets

Mitochondrial

Idebenone

Idebenone is a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), a short-chain benzoquinone with antioxidant and mitochondrial properties. Originally developed by Takeda for Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders, it is now used mainly as an approved treatment for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, a rare inherited cause of vision loss. It has also been studied in other mitochondrial and neuromuscular diseases and is used as an antioxidant ingredient in some skincare products.

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

Indolepropionamide

Indolepropionamide (IPAM) is a naturally occurring indole compound, chemically related to melatonin, that has been studied as a mitochondrial protectant and antioxidant. In laboratory research it was reported to stabilize energy production in mitochondria, lower the output of reactive oxygen species, and extend lifespan in a simple invertebrate model. It remains an investigational substance with limited study rather than an approved medicine.

1 outlet

Supplement

Magnesium Orotate

Magnesium orotate is a salt formed from magnesium and orotic acid, sold as a dietary supplement and, in some countries, as a medicinal product for magnesium deficiency and certain heart-related conditions. It is only sparingly soluble in water, so unlike readily dissociating magnesium salts it produces little laxative effect [1]. Interest in the compound centers on the pairing of magnesium with orotic acid, a pyrimidine precursor proposed to support the energy metabolism of heart muscle [1].

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

NMN

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a nucleotide derived from vitamin B3 and a direct biosynthetic precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme essential to energy metabolism and cellular repair. Because NAD+ levels fall with age, NMN has been widely promoted as a longevity supplement intended to restore them. Animal studies report broad metabolic and anti-aging effects, while human trials are still early and have mainly examined safety and specific measures such as insulin sensitivity.

2 outlets

Supplement

R-Alpha Lipoic Acid

R-alpha-lipoic acid is the naturally occurring form of alpha-lipoic acid, a sulfur-containing compound that the body uses as an essential cofactor in energy metabolism and that also acts as an antioxidant. Alpha-lipoic acid exists as two mirror-image forms, and only the R version is made and used by living cells, whereas most synthetic supplements contain an equal mixture of the R and S forms. Sold as a dietary supplement and, in some countries, as a medicine for diabetic nerve pain, the R form is often promoted as the more biologically active and better absorbed of the two.

2 outlets

Immunomodulator

Rapamycin

Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a macrolide compound isolated from a soil bacterium found on Easter Island (Rapa Nui), where it was first identified as an antifungal. It inhibits the mTOR pathway, a central regulator of cell growth and autophagy, giving it immunosuppressant and antiproliferative properties used clinically to prevent transplant rejection, to coat coronary stents, and to treat certain rare diseases. It has drawn wide scientific interest as the only drug shown to extend lifespan in every model species tested, an effect that is dose- and sex-dependent, and a short course of mTOR inhibition has even been reported to rejuvenate the aging immune system in older adults.

2 outlets

Supplement

S-Acetyl Glutathione

S-Acetyl Glutathione is an acetylated form of glutathione, the body's principal intracellular antioxidant. It is used as a dietary supplement intended to raise glutathione levels, and the acetyl group is meant to make the molecule more stable and better absorbed than ordinary glutathione when taken by mouth. Once inside cells the acetyl group is removed, releasing active glutathione.

1 outlet

Adaptogen

Shilajit

Shilajit is a blackish-brown, tar-like exudate that seeps from rocks in high mountain ranges and is composed largely of humic substances such as fulvic acid together with minerals and trace elements. It has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and other traditional systems as a general tonic. Modern evidence for its health effects is limited, and product quality varies, with heavy-metal contamination a recognized concern.

2 outlets

Mitochondrial

SkQ1

SkQ1 is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, a synthetic compound built by attaching the plant antioxidant plastoquinone to a positively charged carrier that accumulates inside mitochondria. Developed by a Russian team led by Vladimir Skulachev, it is designed to neutralize reactive oxygen species at their main source and has been studied for aging and age-related conditions. Its best-known application is a dilute eye-drop formulation approved in Russia to treat dry eye syndrome.

1 outlet

Nootropic

Spermidine

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine, a small organic molecule found in all living cells and in many foods such as wheat germ, aged cheese, soybeans, and mushrooms. First isolated from semen, which gives it its name, it plays fundamental roles in cell growth, gene regulation, and membrane stability. In recent years it has attracted attention as a potential longevity compound because it triggers autophagy, the cellular recycling process linked to healthy aging.

2 outlets

Mitochondrial

SR-9009

SR-9009, also known as Stenabolic, is a synthetic agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERB-alpha and REV-ERB-beta, core repressive components of the circadian clock that link the body's timekeeping to metabolism. By activating REV-ERB, it reprograms clock and metabolic gene expression across the hypothalamus, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue; in mice it increases energy expenditure, reduces fat mass, improves dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, alters sleep architecture, and raises mitochondrial content and endurance capacity through the Rev-erb-alpha to LKB1-AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1alpha pathway. Pharmacological REV-ERB activation has also proven selectively lethal to cancer cells and oncogene-induced senescent cells by suppressing autophagy and de novo lipogenesis. Studies using conditional REV-ERB knockouts have shown that some of SR-9009's actions persist without the receptors, indicating REV-ERB-independent off-target effects and reinforcing its status as a research tool rather than an approved therapeutic.

2 outlets

Mitochondrial

SR-9011

SR-9011 is a synthetic agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors and a close structural analogue of SR-9009. Acting on these circadian clock receptors, it reprograms fuel metabolism across the day, and in rodents it raises energy expenditure and fat oxidation while reducing body weight. It is widely used as a research tool for dissecting how the body clock connects to metabolism, immunity, sleep, and cell proliferation.

1 outlet

Peptide

SS-31

SS-31, also known as elamipretide or Bendavia, is a cell-permeable mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that concentrates thousands-fold on the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin, the lipid that organizes the cristae and the electron-transport supercomplexes. Rather than acting as a general antioxidant, it restores cristae structure and bioenergetics in mitochondria damaged by ischemia, disease, or aging; in aged mouse muscle a single dose restored ATP production toward youthful levels within about an hour. It has been evaluated in clinical trials for primary mitochondrial diseases, heart failure, and age-related conditions.

6 outlets

Thyroid

T2

T2 (3,5-diiodothyronine) is a naturally occurring thyroid hormone metabolite prized as a metabolism-boosting compound for its ability to accelerate fat burning without the classic thyrotoxic baggage of stronger thyroid hormones. It works directly at the mitochondrial level to raise energy expenditure, drive hepatic fat oxidation, and counter diet-induced fat gain. In a small human trial it lifted resting metabolic rate and trimmed body weight while leaving TSH and thyroid hormone levels untouched, making it a standout among metabolic support compounds.

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

TND-1128

TND-1128 (TND1128) is a lipophilic 5-deazaflavin derivative developed in Japan as a mitochondrial activator with efficient self-redox ability. In preclinical work it enhances mitochondrial membrane potential and on-demand ATP synthesis in mouse brain tissue, and it is being explored as a neuro-energetic agent for conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, including neurodegeneration and depression [1][2].

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

Urolithin A

Urolithin A is a compound produced by gut bacteria from ellagitannins and ellagic acid, plant polyphenols found in foods such as pomegranates, walnuts and berries. It is not present in food itself but is formed in the gut, and people differ widely in how much they make, with some producing none. It has attracted research as an inducer of mitophagy, the recycling of damaged mitochondria, and is sold as a dietary supplement studied for mitochondrial health, muscle function and ageing [1][2].

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

SLU-PP-915

SLU-PP-915 is an orally active, chemically distinct pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERR-alpha, beta, and gamma) and the successor to SLU-PP-332, engineered as a next-generation exercise mimetic. Activating these master regulators of endurance metabolism, it raises aerobic capacity, mitochondrial gene expression, and fat oxidation in animal studies, and it synergizes with actual exercise training. Its key advance over the earlier compound is oral bioavailability, making it a far more practical tool for chronic study of pharmacological exercise.

1 outlet

Mitochondrial

BAM15

BAM15 is a mitochondrial uncoupler, a protonophore that dissipates the mitochondrial proton gradient so cells burn more fuel and expend more energy without suppressing appetite. Its defining advantage over older uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol is selectivity: it shuttles protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane without depolarizing the plasma membrane, giving it a much wider safety window, and it also activates the energy sensor AMPK. In preclinical studies it reversed diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, reduced body and liver fat, and improved glycemic control while preserving lean mass and food intake; it remains an investigational agent.

3 outlets

Supplement

L-Carnitine

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compound that the body builds from the amino acids lysine and methionine. It plays a central part in energy metabolism by ferrying long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane, where they are broken down to release energy. Present in the highest amounts in red meat and other animal foods and also made internally, it is used medically to treat carnitine deficiency and is widely sold as a dietary supplement for heart, metabolic, and exercise-related purposes.

6 outlets

AMPK

Metformin

Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication of the biguanide class and the first-line drug for type 2 diabetes. Derived originally from a compound in the French lilac plant, it lowers blood sugar chiefly by reducing the amount of glucose the liver releases, without causing the weight gain or low blood sugar seen with some other agents. Beyond diabetes it is used in polycystic ovary syndrome and prediabetes, and its apparent effects on metabolism and aging have made it a subject of ongoing longevity research.

2 outlets

AMPK

AICAR

AICAR is the original exercise mimetic, an AMPK-activating compound famous for enhancing endurance without a single workout. In a landmark study, four weeks of AICAR alone boosted running endurance in sedentary mice by 44 percent, switching on the same metabolic genes that exercise activates. Coveted for its ability to reprogram muscle toward fat-burning, endurance, and improved glucose handling, it remains one of the most sought-after metabolic and performance compounds in research.

4 outlets

Peptide

MOTS-c

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that acts as one of the body's own regulators of metabolism, energy, and healthy aging. Encoded inside the mitochondrial genome and released during exercise, it switches on the master energy sensor AMPK to improve insulin sensitivity, glucose handling, and physical performance. Backed by a fast-growing body of research from its discovery at USC, it sits at the leading edge of longevity and metabolic science.

7 outlets

Mitochondrial

SLU-PP-332

SLU-PP-332 is the founding compound of the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) agonist class of exercise mimetics, a synthetic pan-agonist with the highest potency for ERR-alpha. By activating the nuclear receptors that master mitochondrial metabolism, it switches on a genetic program resembling acute aerobic exercise, boosting endurance, mitochondrial function, and fat oxidation in animal models. It is the molecule that opened the door to pharmacologically capturing the benefits of exercise.

4 outlets

Stimulant

Bemethyl

Bemethyl, also known as bemitil, is a synthetic benzimidazole developed in the Soviet Union and classified as an actoprotector, a drug intended to boost physical working capacity and resistance to stress. Rather than scavenging free radicals directly, it works largely by increasing the cell's own synthesis of antioxidant and gluconeogenic enzymes, an RNA- and protein-synthesis-based mechanism that also supports energy metabolism and heat and hypoxia tolerance. Marketed in Russia under names such as Metaprot and reportedly used by Soviet athletes and cosmonauts, it is little known in Western medicine and is monitored, though not banned, in sport.

3 outlets

Mitochondrial

NAD+

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a foundational coenzyme found in every living cell and a centerpiece of modern longevity science. It powers the redox reactions that generate cellular energy and serves as the essential fuel for the sirtuins and PARPs that govern DNA repair, metabolism, and healthy aging [1][2]. Because NAD+ pools decline with age, restoring them through precursor supplementation has become one of the most actively researched strategies for metabolic and neurological health [1].

7 outlets

Topical Formula

PP405

PP405 is an investigational topical small-molecule compound being developed for pattern hair loss, or androgenetic alopecia. It is designed to inhibit the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, a strategy that grew out of research showing that blocking this carrier raises lactate inside hair follicle stem cells and reawakens dormant follicles. It remains experimental and has not been approved for medical use.

1 outlet

Nootropic

Allithiamine

Allithiamine is a naturally occurring, fat-soluble derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) that was first discovered in garlic in the 1950s. It forms when a compound from crushed garlic reacts with thiamine, producing an open-ring thiamine disulfide that the body can absorb more readily than ordinary thiamine. It is the original member of a family of lipophilic thiamine derivatives, which also includes sulbutiamine and fursultiamine, developed to raise vitamin B1 levels more effectively than the standard vitamin.

Mitochondria

Acetyl-L-Carnitine

DNSP-11

PQQ

Resveratrol

Methylene Blue

J-147

ATX-304

Cardarine

ITPP

Meldonium

GHK-Cu + Methylene Blue Tallow Balm

JXL069

Lipo-MIC + NAD+

Carnosine

CoQ10

Cordyceps

D-Ribose

DADA

EGCG

Ergothioneine

Etifoxine

Fursultiamine

Hopantenic Acid

Humanin

Idebenone

Indolepropionamide

Magnesium Orotate

NMN

R-Alpha Lipoic Acid

Rapamycin

S-Acetyl Glutathione

Shilajit

SkQ1

Spermidine

SR-9009

SR-9011

SS-31

T2

TND-1128

Urolithin A

SLU-PP-915

BAM15

L-Carnitine

Metformin

AICAR

MOTS-c

SLU-PP-332

Bemethyl

NAD+

PP405

Allithiamine

Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG)

Beetroot Extract

C60 Fullerene

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Deazaflavin

Decylubiquinone

Dexpramipexole

Emapunil

Epicatechin

Ethomersol

FAD

FMN

Fulvic Acid

Hydergine

Hydroxytyrosol

Kaempferol

Latrepirdine

Malic Acid

Mitochonic Acid 5

MitoQ

MitoTEMPO

NADH

NR

Olesoxime

Omaveloxolone

Oxaloacetate

P7C3

Pomegranate Extract