Bone: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

LGD-3303

LGD-3303 is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that stands out for its pronounced effects on bone as well as muscle. In rodent studies it raised bone mineral density, stimulated new bone formation, and increased muscle mass while keeping prostate stimulation low, and it even added to the benefit of a standard bone drug. Orally active and strongly tissue-selective, LGD-3303 has a distinctive physique-and-bone profile that keeps it firmly on the radar of SARM research.

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Blend

LGD-4033 + YK-11

LGD-4033 + YK-11 is a research stack that pairs Ligandrol (LGD-4033), a selective androgen receptor modulator, with YK-11, a myostatin-modulating compound, to pursue muscle growth through two mechanisms at once. LGD-4033 activates the androgen receptor and has increased lean body mass in a human trial, while YK-11 raises follistatin to counteract myostatin, the natural brake on muscle growth. For researchers exploring maximal anabolic signaling, this dual-mechanism combination is a frequently discussed and potent pairing.

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SERM

Y-134

Y-134 is a research-stage selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) engineered by fine-tuning the well-known drug raloxifene. Beyond the classic SERM profile of blocking estrogen in breast tissue while supporting bone, Y-134 carries a striking bonus: it switches on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and drives even hard-to-treat triple-negative breast cancer cells into programmed cell death, an effect its parent compound only hinted at. Elegant and highly selective, it is prized as a research tool, though it remains preclinical with no human data.

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Peptide

ACE-031

ACE-031 (ramatercept) is a powerful myostatin-blocking biologic, a soluble decoy of the activin receptor type IIB that traps myostatin and related muscle-limiting proteins before they can signal. By lifting this natural brake on growth, a single dose produced measurable gains in lean muscle mass and thigh muscle volume in human trials. Originally developed as a therapy for muscular dystrophy, it remains one of the most sought-after experimental agents for dramatic, receptor-level muscle building.

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Nootropic

ACP-105

ACP-105 is a potent nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) engineered to deliver the muscle- and bone-building benefits of androgens with greater tissue selectivity than testosterone. As a partial agonist at the androgen receptor, it was designed to drive anabolism in muscle and bone while limiting the unwanted effects tied to classic steroids. Its combination of anabolic potency and an intriguing signal for cognitive and neuroprotective effects has made it a standout among research-grade SARMs.

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SARM

Andarine

Andarine (S-4) is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator derived from arylpropionamide chemistry that binds the androgen receptor with high affinity yet acts in a tissue-selective manner. In castrated and ovariectomized rodents it restored skeletal muscle mass and strength, raised bone mineral density, and reduced body fat while stimulating the prostate and seminal vesicles far less than dihydrotestosterone; this partial-agonist behavior in androgenic organs versus full-agonist activity in muscle and bone defines the SARM concept. Its favorable pharmacokinetics, including high oral bioavailability and predominantly hepatic phase I and II metabolism, once positioned it as a clinical candidate for muscle wasting and osteoporosis. It was never approved for human use, however, and is prohibited in sport, so it is documented largely through preclinical pharmacology and anti-doping detection studies rather than clinical trials.

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SARM

LGD-2226

LGD-2226 is a first-generation selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed to build muscle and bone with far less impact on the prostate than traditional androgens. In animal studies it increased muscle and bone mass and enhanced bone strength while sparing the prostate and preserving male sexual behavior, showcasing the tissue selectivity that defines the SARM class. Orally active and non-steroidal, LGD-2226 is a notable early example of the effort to capture the benefits of androgens while minimizing their drawbacks.

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SARM

LGD-4033

LGD-4033, also known as ligandrol or VK5211, is an investigational nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a class of compounds abbreviated as SARM. It binds the androgen receptor, the same target acted on by testosterone, but is designed to stimulate muscle and bone while having weaker effects on other tissues. First described by Ligand Pharmaceuticals and later developed by Viking Therapeutics, it has been studied for muscle wasting but is not approved for any medical use, and it is banned in sport and sold illicitly to bodybuilders.

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SARM

OTR-AC

OTR-AC is an acetate ester of ostarine (enobosarm), the most clinically characterized selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in development. It is designed to deliver enobosarm's muscle-selective, orally active anabolic signal, building lean mass and physical function while sparing the prostate and other tissues that traditional androgens affect [3][4]. In controlled trials, enobosarm consistently increased lean body mass in older adults and cancer patients [1][2], and the acetate ester form is marketed as more potent per milligram.

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SARM

RAD-150

RAD-150 (TLB-150 Benzoate) is a research chemical marketed as an ester form of the popular SARM RAD-140 (Testolone), promoted for building muscle and strength with a potentially longer-acting profile [1]. Like other selective androgen receptor modulators, it is intended to stimulate the androgen receptor in muscle and bone, but RAD-150 itself has no published pharmacological or clinical studies, so its profile is inferred from RAD-140 and the broader SARM class [1]. It is an unapproved, WADA-banned research chemical, and the RAD-140 family it is based on has been linked in case reports to serious cardiovascular harm [1][2][3].

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SARM

S-23

S-23 is a high-affinity, orally active selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) first characterized as a candidate for hormonal male contraception. It binds the androgen receptor as a full agonist and, in animal studies, builds lean muscle mass and bone mineral density while cutting fat, a tissue-selective anabolic profile that has drawn strong interest for body recomposition. It also potently and reversibly suppresses testosterone and sperm production, which is central to both its contraceptive rationale and its cautions.

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Vitamin

Calcitriol

Calcitriol is the biologically active hormonal form of vitamin D, known chemically as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). The body normally produces it in the kidney by adding a hydroxyl group to the circulating vitamin D metabolite calcifediol, a step tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone. Acting through the vitamin D receptor, calcitriol is the principal hormone governing calcium and phosphate balance, and a manufactured version is used as a prescription medicine, most notably to manage the bone and mineral disturbances of chronic kidney disease.

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Hormone

Estradiol Valerate

Estradiol valerate is an estrogen medication and an ester prodrug of estradiol, the main natural estrogen. Once in the body it is split by enzymes into estradiol and valeric acid, so its effects are essentially those of estradiol itself. It is used in menopausal hormone therapy, as part of some hormonal contraceptives, in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and, historically, in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer. It is taken by mouth as a tablet or given as a long-acting oil injection into muscle.

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Supplement

Calcium L-Threonate

Calcium L-threonate is the calcium salt of L-threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C, marketed as a highly absorbable mineral supplement for bone and connective-tissue health [1]. In a human pharmacokinetic study, orally administered L-threonate was absorbed rapidly, was well tolerated across single and repeated doses, and showed enhanced absorption when taken with food [1]. It should not be confused with magnesium L-threonate; calcium L-threonate delivers elemental calcium and its threonate carrier for bone and collagen support, without the blood-brain-barrier and cognitive claims attached to the magnesium form [1].

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Supplement

Ergocalciferol

Ergocalciferol, also called vitamin D2, is a form of vitamin D used as a dietary supplement and medicine to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency. It is a secosteroid produced commercially by shining ultraviolet light on ergosterol, a sterol found in fungi and yeast. Taken by mouth or by injection, it is used for conditions such as rickets, low blood calcium, and deficiency related to malabsorption. It is available over the counter and appears on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

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Supplement

Menaquinone-7

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a long-chain form of vitamin K2, one of the naturally occurring menaquinones distinguished by a side chain of seven isoprenoid units. It is produced by bacterial fermentation and is found most abundantly in the Japanese fermented soybean dish natto. Like other K vitamins, it acts as a cofactor for the enzyme that activates vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in blood clotting, bone mineralization, and the regulation of soft-tissue calcification. Compared with shorter menaquinones and with vitamin K1, MK-7 has a notably long half-life in the bloodstream, which has helped make it a popular dietary supplement.

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Supplement

Phylloquinone

Phylloquinone, known as vitamin K1, is the plant form of the fat-soluble vitamin K and the type most abundant in the diet, found chiefly in green leafy vegetables. Its central role in the body is to act as a cofactor for the reactions that make blood-clotting proteins functional, and as a medicine, where it is called phytomenadione or phytonadione, it is used to treat and prevent bleeding, including in newborns and after warfarin overdose. It appears on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

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Mitochondrial

Urolithin B

Urolithin B is one of the urolithins, compounds produced by gut bacteria from the ellagitannins and ellagic acid in foods such as pomegranates, walnuts and berries. Chemically it is a monohydroxy dibenzopyranone and a downstream product of the same microbial pathway that yields urolithin A. It has been studied mainly for effects on skeletal muscle, where laboratory and animal work suggests it can promote muscle growth [1][2].

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Supplement

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble vitamins that the body requires as a cofactor for an enzyme that modifies certain proteins so they can bind calcium. Its two natural forms are vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), found in leafy green plants, and vitamin K2 (the menaquinones), made by bacteria and present in some animal and fermented foods. Vitamin K is essential for normal blood clotting and also contributes to bone and vascular biology, and the anticoagulant drug warfarin works by blocking its recycling.

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