Energy: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant of the methylxanthine class and the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. A purine alkaloid found naturally in coffee beans, tea leaves, cacao, and other plants, it is used to restore alertness, reduce fatigue, and sharpen concentration. It is legal and largely unregulated in most countries, and it also has established medical uses, including the treatment of apnea in premature infants.

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Blend

5-Amino/MIC

5-Amino/MIC is a combination formulation that pairs the NNMT inhibitor 5-Amino-1MQ with the classic lipotropic trio MIC, namely methionine, inositol, and choline. It is designed to attack body fat from two directions at once; 5-Amino-1MQ reprograms fat-cell metabolism by raising NAD, while the MIC lipotropics support the liver's handling and export of fat. Popular in physique and weight-management circles, it bundles a modern metabolic target with time-tested fat-metabolism cofactors in a single stack.

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Blend

Lipo-Nex

Lipo-Nex is a lipotropic injectable built around a high-carnitine base combined with choline, inositol, yohimbine, ATP, and vitamin B12, formulated to support fat mobilization and energy. L-carnitine shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria to be burned, while yohimbine blocks the alpha-2 adrenoceptors that normally restrain fat release, an effect most pronounced in stubborn areas and in the fasted state. With its added stimulant character from yohimbine, Lipo-Nex is a targeted option for those seeking assertive metabolic and fat-mobilization support.

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Nootropic

DHEA

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous androstane neurosteroid and the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in humans, secreted chiefly by the adrenal cortex and also synthesized de novo within the central nervous system. It functions primarily as a precursor to androgens and estrogens, yet exerts direct actions on the brain by acting as an agonist at the sigma-1 receptor (an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein that shapes calcium and neurotrophic signaling), as a positive modulator of NMDA receptor (the principal excitatory glutamate ion channel involved in learning) signaling, and, chiefly as its sulfate ester DHEAS, as a negative allosteric modulator of the GABA-A receptor (the brain's main inhibitory ion channel). DHEA additionally behaves as a functional anti-glucocorticoid, buffering the neurotoxic effects of cortisol, and shows neuroprotective and mood-related activity in preclinical and clinical studies. Circulating concentrations peak in early adulthood and decline markedly with age, a phenomenon termed adrenopause that has driven its widespread use as an over-the-counter supplement.

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Supplement

Iron

Iron is an essential mineral that every cell in the body needs, most famously as the core of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. It also forms part of myoglobin in muscle and of many enzymes involved in energy production and DNA synthesis. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world and the leading cause of anemia, while too much iron can be toxic, so the body tightly regulates how much it absorbs and stores.

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Supplement

Iron Bisglycinate

Iron bisglycinate, also called ferrous bisglycinate, is a form of dietary iron in which the iron is chemically bound, or chelated, to two molecules of the amino acid glycine. It is used as an oral iron supplement and in food fortification to prevent and treat iron deficiency, and it is often promoted as being better absorbed and gentler on the stomach than conventional iron salts such as ferrous sulfate. It is a chelated amino acid iron compound rather than a distinct drug.

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Nootropic

Methylcobalamin

Methylcobalamin, also called mecobalamin, is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B12 in which the cobalt atom carries a methyl group. It is one of the two coenzyme forms of the vitamin that are active in the human body, serving as an essential cofactor for the enzyme methionine synthase. Methylcobalamin is used as a dietary supplement and, in some countries, as a medicine, and it can prevent or correct vitamin B12 deficiency in the same way as other B12 forms.

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Supplement

Vitamin B Complex

Vitamin B complex is a collective term for the group of eight water-soluble B vitamins that act as coenzymes or coenzyme precursors throughout cellular metabolism. The group comprises thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12), each chemically distinct yet metabolically interrelated. Supplement products that combine all eight are marketed as vitamin B complex, and the vitamins occur together in foods such as meat, eggs, dairy, legumes, and whole grains.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Thiamine, also called vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as an essential coenzyme in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In its active diphosphate form it supports the enzymes that release energy from glucose, and a prolonged dietary shortage produces the deficiency diseases beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Thiamine occurs in whole grains, legumes, pork, and nuts, is widely added to fortified flour and rice, and appears on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B3 is an essential water-soluble nutrient that exists in two main forms, nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide), both of which the body converts into the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ that drive hundreds of redox reactions in energy metabolism. A prolonged dietary lack causes pellagra, the deficiency disease classically remembered by the "three Ds" of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. In pharmacologic doses nicotinic acid favorably shifts blood lipids (raising HDL while lowering LDL, triglycerides, and lipoprotein(a)) and produces the characteristic warm "niacin flush," whereas nicotinamide has neither the flush nor the lipid effects and is used mainly in dermatology. It is distinct from the dedicated NAD-boosting precursors nicotinamide riboside (NR) and NMN, which are covered in their own entries.

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Pantothenic acid, better known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin whose central role is to serve as the building block of coenzyme A, the cofactor that carries acyl groups through energy production and the synthesis and breakdown of fats. Its name derives from the Greek pantothen, meaning "from everywhere," reflecting how widely it is distributed across foods, which makes true dietary deficiency very rare. The vitamin is present in meat, eggs, dairy, legumes, whole grains, avocados, and mushrooms, and gut bacteria contribute some as well. Its stable alcohol derivative, panthenol (dexpanthenol), is widely used in topical skincare and wound-care products as a humectant and barrier-repair agent.

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Adaptogen

Eleuthero

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus), also called Siberian ginseng, is a woody shrub native to northeastern Asia whose root and rhizome are used in traditional Chinese, Korean, and Russian medicine. It is classed as an adaptogen, a substance believed to help the body resist physical and mental stress and fatigue. Despite long use and popular sale as a supplement, controlled clinical evidence for its benefits is limited and inconsistent.

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Supplement

Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element and an essential trace mineral that the body needs to make thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and brain development. Because the human body cannot produce it, iodine must be obtained from the diet, chiefly from seafood, dairy, and iodized salt. A shortage of dietary iodine is the world's leading preventable cause of intellectual disability, which is why many countries add iodine to table salt.

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Peptide

Irisin

Irisin is a hormone-like protein, or myokine, that is released from skeletal muscle during exercise. It is produced when physical activity prompts muscle cells to cleave a membrane protein called FNDC5, freeing irisin into the blood, where it is best known for encouraging white fat to take on the calorie-burning properties of brown fat. Discovered in 2012, irisin is an active area of metabolic research rather than a medicine, and both its measurement and its importance in humans have been subjects of scientific debate.

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Phenethylamine

N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine

N-Phenethyl dimethylamine, chemically N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, is a doubly methylated analogue of the trace amine beta-phenylethylamine that is widely marketed as an Eria jarensis extract in pre-workout and fat-burner supplements [1]. It is promoted as a euphoric stimulant that lifts mood, energy and focus, and rose to popularity as a purported replacement for the banned stimulant DMAA. Its promotional mechanism centers on trace-amine and adrenergic signaling, but rigorous human research on the compound is very limited.

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Phenethylamine

PEA-P

PEA-P (sold as PEA-P HCl) is a phenethylamine-family stimulant marketed as a mood and energy ingredient, built on the core structure of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA), the endogenous trace amine found in the brain and in foods such as chocolate [1]. The exact meaning of the P suffix and any additional substitution on the phenethylamine backbone are not clearly documented in the scientific literature, so its precise chemistry should be regarded as vendor-defined and unverified. Like PEA itself, it is presented as a short-acting stimulant acting through trace-amine and catecholamine pathways [1].

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Nootropic

Theophylline

Theophylline is a naturally occurring methylxanthine (1,3-dimethylxanthine) that has been used as a bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant for more than 80 years. Structurally related to caffeine and theobromine and found in trace amounts in tea and cocoa, it relaxes airway smooth muscle and stimulates respiration through a combination of non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenosine receptor antagonism. At the low plasma concentrations achieved with modern sustained-release dosing, it also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by restoring histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) activity, a mechanism that can reverse corticosteroid resistance in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because it has a narrow therapeutic window and numerous drug interactions, it is now generally reserved as an add-on therapy after inhaled agents.

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Supplement

Vanadium

Vanadium is a chemical element and transition metal (symbol V) that is present in the diet in trace amounts. It is not established as an essential nutrient for humans, and interest in it as a supplement centers on vanadium compounds such as vanadyl sulfate, which imitate some actions of insulin in laboratory studies. Marketed forms have been promoted for blood-sugar control and, among bodybuilders, for muscle gains, but human evidence for these uses is weak and all vanadium compounds are considered potentially toxic at higher intakes.

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is a water-soluble essential vitamin and the precursor of two flavin coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), that carry electrons through the redox reactions of energy metabolism. Because these flavoproteins sit at the center of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and of fatty-acid and amino-acid oxidation, riboflavin is fundamental to how cells turn food into ATP. Its best-supported use beyond simply correcting deficiency is high-dose prophylaxis of migraine, where topping up a rate-limiting mitochondrial cofactor is thought to shore up the brain's energy reserves. Chronic deficiency (ariboflavinosis) causes cracked lips, a sore inflamed tongue, and skin changes, while supplemental doses harmlessly turn the urine bright yellow-green.

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Supplement

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Folate, or vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism, supplying the single-carbon units needed for DNA synthesis and for converting homocysteine to methionine. Folic acid is the stable synthetic form used in supplements and food fortification, while natural folates occur in leafy greens, legumes, and liver. A deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia, and a shortage around the time of conception raises the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida, which is why many countries fortify staple grains with folic acid.

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