Skeletal muscle: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

ACP-105

ACP-105 is a potent nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) engineered to deliver the muscle- and bone-building benefits of androgens with greater tissue selectivity than testosterone. As a partial agonist at the androgen receptor, it was designed to drive anabolism in muscle and bone while limiting the unwanted effects tied to classic steroids. Its combination of anabolic potency and an intriguing signal for cognitive and neuroprotective effects has made it a standout among research-grade SARMs.

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SARM

Andarine

Andarine (S-4) is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator derived from arylpropionamide chemistry that binds the androgen receptor with high affinity yet acts in a tissue-selective manner. In castrated and ovariectomized rodents it restored skeletal muscle mass and strength, raised bone mineral density, and reduced body fat while stimulating the prostate and seminal vesicles far less than dihydrotestosterone; this partial-agonist behavior in androgenic organs versus full-agonist activity in muscle and bone defines the SARM concept. Its favorable pharmacokinetics, including high oral bioavailability and predominantly hepatic phase I and II metabolism, once positioned it as a clinical candidate for muscle wasting and osteoporosis. It was never approved for human use, however, and is prohibited in sport, so it is documented largely through preclinical pharmacology and anti-doping detection studies rather than clinical trials.

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Supplement

Ecdysterone

Ecdysterone, also known as 20-hydroxyecdysone, is a naturally occurring steroid of the ecdysteroid class that serves as a molting hormone in insects and is also produced by many plants. Sold as a dietary supplement to athletes, it has drawn attention as a possible non-conventional anabolic agent. A controlled human study reported gains in muscle mass and strength, prompting researchers to recommend its addition to sports doping-control lists.

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SARM

GSK-2881078

GSK-2881078 is one of the best-documented SARMs in humans, which alone sets it apart in a class full of guesswork. Developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a non-steroidal, tissue-selective androgen receptor agonist, it produced clean, dose-dependent gains in lean mass in older men and women and was carried into a controlled trial in patients with COPD. For anyone seeking a selective androgen receptor modulator with genuine clinical evidence and a real pharmaceutical pedigree, GSK-2881078 sits near the top of the list.

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SARM

LGD-2226

LGD-2226 is a first-generation selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed to build muscle and bone with far less impact on the prostate than traditional androgens. In animal studies it increased muscle and bone mass and enhanced bone strength while sparing the prostate and preserving male sexual behavior, showcasing the tissue selectivity that defines the SARM class. Orally active and non-steroidal, LGD-2226 is a notable early example of the effort to capture the benefits of androgens while minimizing their drawbacks.

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SARM

OTR-AC

OTR-AC is an acetate ester of ostarine (enobosarm), the most clinically characterized selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in development. It is designed to deliver enobosarm's muscle-selective, orally active anabolic signal, building lean mass and physical function while sparing the prostate and other tissues that traditional androgens affect [3][4]. In controlled trials, enobosarm consistently increased lean body mass in older adults and cancer patients [1][2], and the acetate ester form is marketed as more potent per milligram.

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SARM

RAD-150

RAD-150 (TLB-150 Benzoate) is a research chemical marketed as an ester form of the popular SARM RAD-140 (Testolone), promoted for building muscle and strength with a potentially longer-acting profile [1]. Like other selective androgen receptor modulators, it is intended to stimulate the androgen receptor in muscle and bone, but RAD-150 itself has no published pharmacological or clinical studies, so its profile is inferred from RAD-140 and the broader SARM class [1]. It is an unapproved, WADA-banned research chemical, and the RAD-140 family it is based on has been linked in case reports to serious cardiovascular harm [1][2][3].

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SARM

S-23

S-23 is a high-affinity, orally active selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) first characterized as a candidate for hormonal male contraception. It binds the androgen receptor as a full agonist and, in animal studies, builds lean muscle mass and bone mineral density while cutting fat, a tissue-selective anabolic profile that has drawn strong interest for body recomposition. It also potently and reversibly suppresses testosterone and sperm production, which is central to both its contraceptive rationale and its cautions.

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Terpene

Ursolic Acid

Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in the waxy peel of apples and in herbs like rosemary, basil, and holy basil. In rodents it enhances skeletal muscle IGF-1/insulin signaling through Akt, blunts atrophy genes, increases brown fat, and improves glucose tolerance. It also has broad anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cell and animal work. Human data are small and mixed, and oral bioavailability is genuinely poor.

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Muscle Relaxant

Carisoprodol

Carisoprodol is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant of the carbamate class, sold chiefly under the brand name Soma. It is prescribed for short-term relief of acute musculoskeletal pain, usually alongside rest and physical therapy. Much of its effect comes from its sedative action on the central nervous system, and because it is broken down into the controlled sedative meprobamate and carries a risk of dependence and abuse, it is a scheduled controlled substance in the United States.

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Respiratory

Salbutamol

Salbutamol, known as albuterol in the United States, is a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used as a bronchodilator to open the airways. It is a mainstay reliever medication for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, giving rapid relief of wheezing and breathlessness during flare-ups. Usually inhaled, it is sold under brand names such as Ventolin and appears on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines [1].

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Mitochondrial

Urolithin B

Urolithin B is one of the urolithins, compounds produced by gut bacteria from the ellagitannins and ellagic acid in foods such as pomegranates, walnuts and berries. Chemically it is a monohydroxy dibenzopyranone and a downstream product of the same microbial pathway that yields urolithin A. It has been studied mainly for effects on skeletal muscle, where laboratory and animal work suggests it can promote muscle growth [1][2].

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