prostaglandins: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

Celecoxib

Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that selectively targets the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, used mainly to relieve pain and inflammation in arthritis and related conditions [1][2]. By focusing on COX-2 while largely sparing COX-1, it aims to ease inflammation with a lower risk of stomach ulcers than older, nonselective NSAIDs [2]. Discovered at Searle and approved in the United States in 1998, it is sold under the brand name Celebrex and is now widely available as a generic [1]. Like other NSAIDs it carries cardiovascular and other risks that shape how it is prescribed [1][3].

2 outlets

NSAID

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a propionic acid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that relieves pain, fever, and inflammation by reversibly and competitively inhibiting both cyclooxygenase isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, thereby reducing synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Marketed as a racemate, it undergoes a distinctive unidirectional metabolic inversion in which the inactive R-enantiomer is converted in vivo to the pharmacologically active S-form. Because it competes for the same catalytic site as aspirin on platelet COX-1, ibuprofen can transiently blunt aspirin's irreversible antiplatelet effect, a clinically relevant interaction in patients taking low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection. Large randomized evidence from the PRECISION trial found ibuprofen non-inferior in cardiovascular safety to naproxen and celecoxib, though with comparatively higher gastrointestinal and renal event rates; it remains one of the most widely used over-the-counter medicines worldwide.

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NSAID

Indomethacin

Indomethacin, also spelled indometacin, is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the indole acetic acid class, used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation. It is a mainstay for acute gout, ankylosing spondylitis, and other inflammatory arthritis, and it also has specialized roles in closing a patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants and in a distinctive group of indomethacin-responsive headaches. First introduced in the 1960s, it is considered one of the stronger NSAIDs and appears on the World Health Organization list of essential medicines.

1 outlet

NSAID

Ketorolac

Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) noted for unusually strong analgesic activity, used for the short-term management of moderate to severe pain. Chemically a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative, it is often given by injection after surgery, where it can relieve pain comparably to opioids such as morphine while sparing opioid use [1]. Because of a heightened risk of gastrointestinal, kidney, and bleeding complications, its use is deliberately limited to short courses [1].

2 outlets

NSAID

Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the same propionic-acid family as ibuprofen. It is used for pain, inflammation, and stiffness, comes as tablets, an eye drop (to keep the pupil open during surgery), and topical and lozenge forms for sore throat. Like other NSAIDs, it works by dialing down the body's production of prostaglandins, the messengers behind much inflammation, pain, and fever.

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