Cardiovascular: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid polyphenol produced by several plants as a defensive compound, or phytoalexin, in response to injury or infection. It occurs in the skins of grapes, in red wine, in peanuts, and in berries, and is extracted commercially from Japanese knotweed for use in supplements. It became widely known through research linking it to sirtuin enzymes and the so-called French paradox; in animal studies, activation of the SIRT1 and AMPK pathways induced mitochondrial biogenesis, increased running endurance, and protected against diet-induced metabolic disease. Its relevance in people remains uncertain, as oral bioavailability is very low and at least one trial found that it blunted the cardiovascular benefits of exercise training in older men.

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ARB

Olmesartan Medoxomil

Olmesartan medoxomil is an orally active angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat high blood pressure in adults and children. It is the prodrug form of olmesartan, meaning it is absorbed as an inactive medoxomil ester and then rapidly converted in the body to the active compound, which selectively blocks the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor. Developed by Sankyo, now Daiichi Sankyo, and co-marketed in some regions with Merck, it was patented in the early 1990s and reached medical use in 2002, and it is sold under brand names such as Benicar and Olmetec.

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Blend

Olmesartan Medoxomil + Azelnidipine

Olmesartan medoxomil plus azelnidipine is a fixed-dose antihypertensive tablet that combines an angiotensin II receptor blocker with a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Marketed chiefly in Japan under the brand name Rezaltas, it pairs olmesartan, which relaxes blood vessels by blocking the AT1 receptor, with azelnidipine, a calcium channel blocker noted for its gradual onset and minimal effect on heart rate. The single-pill format is used to control blood pressure in patients for whom one drug is not enough, delivering two complementary agents in one daily tablet.

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Blend

Olmesartan Medoxomil + Hydrochlorothiazide

Olmesartan medoxomil plus hydrochlorothiazide is a fixed-dose antihypertensive tablet that combines an angiotensin II receptor blocker with a thiazide diuretic. It is used to treat high blood pressure in adults whose pressure is not controlled by olmesartan or a diuretic alone, and it is sold under brand names such as Benicar HCT and Olmetec Plus. Pairing the two drugs lets their blood-pressure-lowering effects add together while the receptor blocker helps counter the potassium loss that a diuretic can cause.

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Blend

Olmesartan Medoxomil + Metoprolol

Olmesartan medoxomil plus metoprolol is a fixed-dose tablet that combines an angiotensin II receptor blocker with a cardioselective beta blocker. It brings together olmesartan, which lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, and metoprolol, which slows the heart and reduces its workload by blocking beta-1 adrenergic receptors. The combination is used mainly for high blood pressure in patients who also benefit from a beta blocker, such as those with certain heart rhythm problems, angina, or a history of heart attack, and it is marketed as a single-pill product in countries including India.

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Supplement

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fats defined by a carbon-carbon double bond positioned three atoms from the methyl end of the molecule. The three most important to human health are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), found in plants such as flaxseed and walnuts, and the longer-chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which come mainly from fish, fish oil, and marine algae. Because the body cannot make ALA and converts it only inefficiently into EPA and DHA, these fats are treated as dietary essentials. They are consumed both as ordinary foods and dietary supplements and, in purified high-dose forms, as prescription medicines for elevated triglycerides.

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Cardiovascular

Hericenone B

Hericenone B is an aromatic compound from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus notable not for neurotrophic activity but for a distinct cardiovascular action: it is a selective inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. In washed rabbit and human platelets it blocked aggregation triggered by collagen while leaving other agonists such as ADP, thrombin and arachidonic acid unaffected, pointing to a novel antithrombotic mechanism. It is investigated as a lead for preventing thrombotic vascular events.

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Supplement

Menaquinone-7

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a long-chain form of vitamin K2, one of the naturally occurring menaquinones distinguished by a side chain of seven isoprenoid units. It is produced by bacterial fermentation and is found most abundantly in the Japanese fermented soybean dish natto. Like other K vitamins, it acts as a cofactor for the enzyme that activates vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in blood clotting, bone mineralization, and the regulation of soft-tissue calcification. Compared with shorter menaquinones and with vitamin K1, MK-7 has a notably long half-life in the bloodstream, which has helped make it a popular dietary supplement.

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Supplement

Phylloquinone

Phylloquinone, known as vitamin K1, is the plant form of the fat-soluble vitamin K and the type most abundant in the diet, found chiefly in green leafy vegetables. Its central role in the body is to act as a cofactor for the reactions that make blood-clotting proteins functional, and as a medicine, where it is called phytomenadione or phytonadione, it is used to treat and prevent bleeding, including in newborns and after warfarin overdose. It appears on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

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Supplement

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble vitamins that the body requires as a cofactor for an enzyme that modifies certain proteins so they can bind calcium. Its two natural forms are vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), found in leafy green plants, and vitamin K2 (the menaquinones), made by bacteria and present in some animal and fermented foods. Vitamin K is essential for normal blood clotting and also contributes to bone and vascular biology, and the anticoagulant drug warfarin works by blocking its recycling.

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