immune function: nootropics and compounds | sci-wiki

L-Threonine

L-Threonine is one of the nine essential amino acids; the body can't make it, so it has to come from diet. It's a building block for protein and a source of glycine and serine, and the gut uses a large share of dietary threonine to build mucin, the protective mucus layer that lines the intestine. It's sold as a supplement, though for most people a normal protein intake already covers the requirement.

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Antiviral

Monolaurin

Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate, GML) is the monoglyceride of lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid abundant in coconut oil and human breast milk. It's a surfactant-type molecule that disrupts the lipid membranes of enveloped viruses and gram-positive bacteria, and it also blunts toxin production in Staphylococcus aureus. It's sold as a dietary supplement, often as sn-1 monolaurin pellets, for antimicrobial and immune support; the bulk of the evidence is still in vitro.

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Mineral

Zinc Bisglycinate

Zinc bisglycinate is elemental zinc chelated to two molecules of the amino acid glycine. The chelate structure is small, stable across stomach pH, and tends to be better absorbed and gentler on the gut than cheaper salts like zinc gluconate or sulfate. Zinc itself is an essential trace mineral and a cofactor for hundreds of enzymes tied to immunity, skin, wound healing, taste and smell, and reproductive hormones.

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Cannabinoid

2-Arachidonoylglycerol

2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) that serves as the principal full agonist of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the mammalian body. A monoacylglycerol built from arachidonic acid esterified to glycerol, it was isolated from rat brain and canine gut in 1995 and is now regarded as the most abundant endocannabinoid in the central nervous system. Unlike a stored transmitter, 2-AG is synthesized on demand from membrane phospholipids by sn-1-diacylglycerol lipases (DAGL-alpha and DAGL-beta) in response to elevated intracellular calcium, then released to act as a retrograde messenger at synapses before being rapidly hydrolyzed back to arachidonic acid and glycerol by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Through this signaling it modulates synaptic plasticity, pain, appetite, mood, neuroinflammation, and immune and cardiovascular function, and it is a central node of the wider endocannabinoid system.

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Neurosteroid

Androstenediol

Androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, commonly abbreviated 5-androstenediol or 5-AED) is an endogenous Δ5 androstane steroid formed as a direct metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, the most abundant circulating adrenal steroid). It sits at a branch point in steroidogenesis, functioning both as a weak, ERβ-preferring estrogen (a steroid that activates the estrogen receptor) and as a prohormone that can be converted onward to testosterone. Its most distinctive documented activity is immunomodulatory and hematopoietic; under the development code Neumune it was investigated as a radiation countermeasure that accelerates recovery of white blood cells and platelets after whole-body irradiation. Its inclusion in the neurosteroid grouping is one of exhaustiveness, since unlike allopregnanolone it has only a marginal classic neurosteroid profile at the GABA-A and NMDA receptors, and its central effects are attributed mainly to estrogen receptor beta signaling.

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