Smooth Muscle

Every compound in the sci-wiki that affects smooth muscle; the ones you can source are floated to the front, then the reference-only entries. Tap any for the full entry, mechanism, and outlets.

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Muscle Relaxant

Drotaverine

Drotaverine (No-Spa) is a benzylisoquinoline antispasmodic, structurally related to papaverine, widely used outside the United States to relax smooth muscle in conditions such as renal and biliary colic, dysmenorrhea and gastrointestinal cramp. Its relaxant action combines PDE4 inhibition (raising cAMP) with L-type calcium-channel blockade. A single 2021 mouse study reported that it reversed streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer-type deficits, but there is no human cognition data.

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Antimuscarinic

Glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate, also known as glycopyrronium, is a synthetic anticholinergic medication of the antimuscarinic class. As a quaternary ammonium compound it carries a permanent positive charge that keeps it from readily crossing into the brain, so its actions are largely confined to the body's peripheral tissues. It is used to reduce secretions and glandular activity in a range of settings, including anesthesia, excessive drooling, chronic lung disease, and heavy sweating.

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Respiratory

Dyphylline

Dyphylline is a xanthine-derivative bronchodilator that relaxes airway smooth muscle through nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibition and weak adenosine-receptor antagonism. Chemically 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine, it is a distinct synthetic methylxanthine rather than a theophylline salt, and unlike theophylline it is not metabolized to theophylline in the body but is instead cleared largely unchanged by the kidneys. Marketed for decades under names such as Dilor and Lufyllin (often combined with the expectorant guaifenesin), it is an FDA-approved agent used for the symptomatic relief of bronchospasm in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Compared with theophylline it is a somewhat weaker bronchodilator on a milligram basis but carries a wider tolerability margin, a shorter half-life, and far fewer drug and smoking interactions because it bypasses hepatic CYP1A2 metabolism. More recent laboratory work has explored repurposing dyphylline as a coronavirus main-protease inhibitor and as a cAMP-raising activator of dormant ovarian follicles.

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